{"id":1077,"date":"2021-04-15T06:03:20","date_gmt":"2021-04-15T04:03:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?page_id=1077"},"modified":"2024-10-31T14:40:53","modified_gmt":"2024-10-31T13:40:53","slug":"arguments-ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/arguments-ad\/","title":{"rendered":"Arguments ad -: \u00ab\u00a0Argument ad hominem\u00a0\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arguments AD \u2013<\/em> : \u00ab\u00a0ARG AD HOMINEM\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cette entr\u00e9e liste les arguments d\u00e9sign\u00e9s par un syntagme pr\u00e9positionnel latin gouvern\u00e9 par la pr\u00e9position ad<\/em>, par exemple l’\u00e9tiquette \u201cargument ad hominem<\/em>\u201d.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

1. La construction : une d\u00e9signation moderne\u00a0?<\/span><\/h2>\n

En latin classique, la pr\u00e9position ad<\/em><\/strong> se construit avec l\u2019accusatif et introduit des circonstanciels de lieu, de but.
\nSelon le cas, on lit le syntagme \u00ab\u00a0ad<\/em><\/strong> +\u2026\u201d comme \u201cargument faisant appel \u00e0, fond\u00e9 sur, de, par\u2026 (la personne, etc.)\u201d.
\nD\u2019apr\u00e8s Hamblin, le terme le plus ancien de la s\u00e9rie est ad hominem<\/em><\/span> ; il figure dans les traductions latines d\u2019Aristote. Cette appellation aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 popularis\u00e9e par Locke [1690], ainsi que par Bentham [1824], et la plupart de ces termes seraient du XIXe ou du XXe si\u00e8cle. Il y aurait ainsi une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 des arguments en ad<\/em>, qui ne sont pas classiques (Hamblin 1970, p. 41 ; p. 161-162).<\/p>\n

2. Liste d’arguments en ad<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Nom <\/strong>latin de l\u2019argument <\/strong>Argumentum \u2014<\/em><\/td>\nTerme latin, traduction \u2014 \u00c9quivalent en anglais \u2014Entr\u00e9e(s) correspondante(s)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(reductio) ad absurdum
\n<\/em>ab absurdo<\/em><\/td>\n		lat. absurdus<\/em>, \u201cabsurde\u201d \u2014 ang. reduction to the absurd <\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. Absurde<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad amicitiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. amicitia<\/em>, \u201camiti\u00e9\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to friendship <\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. \u00c9motion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad antiquitatem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. antiquitas<\/em>, \u201canciennet\u00e9, antiquit\u00e9, tradition\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. appeal to <\/em>tradition\u00a0<\/em>; to antiquity <\/em>\u2014<\/em> V. Autorit\u00e9<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad auditorem
\n(pl. ad auditores)<\/em><\/td>\n		lat. auditor<\/em>, \u201cauditeur\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to the public, to the audience
\n\u2014 <\/em>V. Auditoire<\/a> ; Croyance<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad baculum<\/em><\/td>\nlat. baculus<\/em>, \u201cb\u00e2ton\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. from the stick <\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. Menace<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad captandum vulgus<\/em><\/td>\nlat. captare<\/em>, \u201cchercher \u00e0 saisir\u2026 t\u00e2cher de gagner par insinuation\u201d ; vulgus<\/em>, \u201cle public, la populace\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. playing to <\/em>the gallery <\/em>; playing to the crowd.
\n<\/em>\u2014 V. Auditoire<\/a> ; Rire<\/a>; \u00c9motion<\/a> ; Ad populum<\/a><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad consequentiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. consequentia<\/em>, \u201csuite, succession\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. from <\/em>consequences
\n<\/em>\u2014\u00a0V. Cons\u00e9quences<\/a> ; Circonstances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad crumenam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. crumena<\/em>, \u201cbourse\u201d \u2014 ang. argument to the purse
\n<\/em>\u2014 V. \u00c9motion<\/a> ; Menace<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad falsum
\n<\/em>(reductio ad falsu<\/em>m)<\/td>\n		lat. falsum<\/em>, \u201cfaux\u201d \u2014 ang. reduction to a falsehood <\/em>\u2014 V. Absurde<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad fidem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. fides<\/em>, \u201cfoi\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to faith \u2014\u00a0<\/em>V. Foi<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad fulmen<\/em><\/td>\nlat. fulmen<\/em>, \u201cfoudre\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. from thunderbolt <\/em>\u2014 V. Menace<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad hominem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. homo<\/em>, \u201c\u00eatre humain\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. <\/em>ad hominem \u2014 V. Ad hominem<\/em><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad ignorantiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. ignorantia<\/em>, \u201cignorance\u201d \u2014 angB appeal to ignorance <\/em>\u2014 V. Ignorance<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad imaginationem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. imaginatio<\/em>, \u201cimagination\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to imagination
\n<\/em>\u2014\u00a0<\/em>V. Subjectivit\u00e9<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(reductio) ad impossibile<\/em><\/td>\nlat. impossibilitas <\/em>\u201cimpossible\u201d \u2014 ang. reduction to the impossible <\/em>\u2014 V. Absurde<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(<\/em>deducendo) (reductio)
\nad incommodum<\/em><\/td>\n		lat. incommodum<\/em> \u201cinconv\u00e9nient, d\u00e9savantage\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. reduction to the uncomfortable<\/em> \u2014 V. Ad incommodum<\/em><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad invidiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. invidia<\/em>, \u201cenvie, haine, indignation, impopularit\u00e9\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to envy
\n<\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. \u00c9motion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad iudicium<\/em><\/td>\nlat. iudicium<\/em>, \u201cfacult\u00e9 de juger, tribunal, sentence\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. 1. argument appealing to the judgment <\/em>; 2. to common sense
\n<\/em>\u2014\u00a0<\/em>V. Fond<\/a> ; <\/em>Autorit\u00e9<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad lapidem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. lapis<\/em>, \u201cpierre\u201d \u2014 ang. argument by dismissal <\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. M\u00e9pris<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad Lazarum<\/em><\/td>\nlat. L<\/em>az<\/em>a<\/em>r<\/em>u<\/em>s<\/em> (nom propre biblique) \u2014 ang. a<\/em>r<\/em>g<\/em>.<\/em> ad Lazarum \u2014\u00a0V. Richesse<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad litteram<\/em><\/td>\nlat. littera<\/em>, \u201clettre ; \u00e0 la lettre\u201d \u2014 ang. to the letter <\/em>\u2014 V. Lettre<\/a> ; Sens strict<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad ludicrum<\/em><\/td>\nlat. ludicrum<\/em>, \u201c jeu ; spectacle\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to the gallery<\/em>
\n\u2014 V. \u00c9motion<\/a>; Auditoire<\/a>; Rire<\/a>; Ad populum<\/a><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad metum<\/em><\/td>\nlat. metus<\/em>, \u201cpeur, crainte\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to fear <\/em>\u2014 V. \u00c9motion<\/a> ; Menace<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad misericordiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. misericordia<\/em>, \u201ccompassion, piti\u00e9\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to pity\u00a0 <\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. \u00c9motion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad modum<\/em><\/td>\nlat. modus <\/em>\u201cmesure, juste mesure, mod\u00e9ration\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. of <\/em>gradualism
\n<\/em>\u2014\u00a0<\/em>V. Proportion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad naturam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. natura<\/em>, \u201cnature\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to nature <\/em>; naturalistic fallacy
\n\u2014 <\/em>V. Force des choses<\/a>\u00a0; Fallacieux 1<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad nauseam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. nausea<\/em>, \u201cnaus\u00e9e, mal de mer\u201d, par m\u00e9tonymie de l’effet, la naus\u00e9e, pour la cause, la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition
\n\u2014 ang. proof by assertion <\/em>\u2014 V. R\u00e9p\u00e9tition<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad novitatem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. nov<\/em>i<\/em>t<\/em>a<\/em>s<\/em>, \u201cnouveaut\u00e9 ; condition d\u2019un homme qui, le premier de sa famille, arrive aux honneurs\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. appeal to novelty <\/em>\u2014 V. Progr\u00e8s<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad numerum<\/em><\/td>\nlat. numerus<\/em>, \u201cnombre, foule\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. appeal to the number, arg. <\/em>from number\u00a0<\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. Autorit\u00e9<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad odium<\/em><\/td>\nlat. odium<\/em>, \u201chaine\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to hatred <\/em>\u2014<\/em> V. \u00c9motion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad orationem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. oratio<\/em>, \u201clangage, propos, parole\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. to the statement<\/em>
\n\u2014 V. Lettre<\/a> ; Sens strict<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad passionem
\n(pl. ad passiones)<\/em><\/td>\n		lat. passio<\/em>, \u201cpassion, \u00e9motion\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to passion, to emotion<\/em>
\n\u2014 V. Pathos<\/a>\u00a0;\u00a0\u00c9motion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad personam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. persona<\/em>, \u201cmasque, r\u00f4le, personne\u201d \u2014 ang. abusive ad <\/em>hominem<\/em>
\n\u2014\u00a0V. Attaque personnelle<\/a>\u00a0; Ad hominem<\/em><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad populum<\/em><\/td>\nlat. populus<\/em>, \u201cle peuple romain (oppos\u00e9 au s\u00e9nat et \u00e0 la pl\u00e8be)\u00a0; peuple\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. appeal to people<\/em>, arg. from popularity <\/em>\u2014 V.\u00a0Ad populum<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad quietem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. quies <\/em>\u201crepos, neutralit\u00e9 politique, calme, tranquillit\u00e9\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal for calm, to repose, to conservatism <\/em>(Hamblin) \u2014\u00a0V. Tranquillit\u00e9<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad rem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. res<\/em>, \u201cr\u00e9alit\u00e9, chose\u00a0; point de discussion, question\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. addressed to the thing, to the point, dealing with the matter at hand <\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. Fond<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad reverentiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. reverentia <\/em>\u201ccrainte respectueuse\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. from respect <\/em>\u2014\u00a0<\/em>V. Respect<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad ridiculum<\/em><\/td>\nlat. ridiculus<\/em>, \u201cridicule, absurde\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to ridicule\u00a0; <\/em>to mockery
\n<\/em>\u2014\u00a0<\/em>V. Rire<\/a>; Absurde<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad socordiam<\/em><\/td>\nat. s<\/em>o<\/em>c<\/em>o<\/em>r<\/em>d<\/em>i<\/em>a<\/em>, \u201cstupidit\u00e9 ; paresse d\u2019esprit\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to<\/em> weak-mindedess
\n<\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. Subjectivit\u00e9<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad superbiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. superbia<\/em>, \u201corgueil, fiert\u00e9 ; despotisme\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. appeal to pride<\/em> ; arg. of popular corruption <\/em>\u2014 <\/em>V. \u00c9motion<\/a> ; Ad populum<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad superstitionem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. superstitio<\/em>, \u201csuperstition\u201d \u2014 ang. appeal to superstition <\/em>\u2014 V. Foi<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad temperentiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. temperantia <\/em>\u201c juste mesure, juste proportion\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. of <\/em>gradualism
\n\u2014 V. Proportion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad verecundiam<\/em><\/td>\nlat. verecundia<\/em>, \u201crespect, modestie\u00a0; crainte de la honte\u201d
\n\u2014 ang. arg. from modesty <\/em>; from authority
\n<\/em>\u2014 V. Modestie<\/a> ; Respect<\/a> ;\u00a0Autorit\u00e9<\/a> ; \u00c9thos<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad vertiginem<\/em><\/td>\nlat. vertigo<\/em>, \u201crotation, vertige\u201d \u2014 ang. arg. from vertigo <\/em>\u2014\u00a0V. Vertige<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

3. Caract\u00e9ristiques de cette famille<\/span><\/h2>\n

On rel\u00e8ve beaucoup plus d\u2019arguments en \u201cad \u2014<\/em><\/strong>\u201d que d\u2019arguments en \u201cab \u2014<\/em><\/strong>\u201d, et seule la construction en \u201cad \u2014<\/em><\/strong>\u201d est productive. C\u2019est aussi la forme qui est parodi\u00e9e, notamment sur internet, avec plus ou moins de bonheur\u00a0; on y trouve l\u2019argument ad bananum<\/em><\/strong>, et bien s\u00fbr, ad Hitlerum<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/span>
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.1 Origine de ces \u00e9tiquettes<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Certaines de ces appellations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finies et utilis\u00e9es par Locke et par Bentham, V. Typologies 2<\/span><\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/strong>Locke a d\u00e9fini les arguments\u00a0:<\/p>\n

ad hominem \u2014\u00a0ad verecundiam \u2014\u00a0ad ignorantiam \u2014 ad judicium<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Bentham a d\u00e9fini les arguments (V. Typologies 2<\/a>)\u00a0 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ad verecundiam
\n<\/em>ad quietem
\n<\/em>ad amicitiam
\nad imaginationem<\/em><\/td>\n		ad superstitionem
\n<\/em>ad socordiam
\nad odium
\nad superbiam<\/em><\/td>\n		ad ignorantiam
\n<\/em>ad judicium
\n<\/em>ad metum
\n<\/em>ad invidiam<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

3.2 Sous-familles <\/strong><\/span>s\u00e9mantiques d\u2019arguments en <\/span>ad<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n

On peut proposer quelques regroupements en fonction des contenus s\u00e9mantiques des arguments.<\/p>\n

(i) Arguments subjectifs li\u00e9s aux affects<\/em>,<\/span><\/strong> aux \u00e9motions, souvent via des int\u00e9r\u00eats positifs (r\u00e9compenses) ou n\u00e9gatifs (menaces) :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ad passionem
\nad amicitiam
\nad invidiam
\n<\/em>ad misericordiam<\/em><\/td>\n		ad <\/em>odium
\n<\/em>ad quietem
\n<\/em>ad superbiam
\nad metum (ad carcerem, ad baculum, ad fulmen, ad crumenam<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Les formes suivantes ont une composante \u00e9motionnelle\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/em>ad captandum vulgus
\n<\/em>ad ludicrum
\n<\/em>ad novitatem
\n<\/em>ad numerum<\/em><\/td>\n		ad personam
\n<\/em>ad populum
\n<\/em>ad verecundiam<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(ii) Arguments faisant appel \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me limit\u00e9 de croyances<\/em>,<\/span><\/strong> \u00e0 des croyances personnelles, non universelles, contestables\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ad consequentiam
\n<\/em>ad fidem
\n<\/em>ad hominem
\n<\/em>ad ignorantiam
\n<\/em>ad imaginationem<\/em><\/td>\n		ad incommodum
\n<\/em>ad socordiam
\n<\/em>ad superstitionem
\n<\/em>ad vertiginem<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

D’un point de vue normatif, les cat\u00e9gories (i)<\/strong> et (ii)<\/strong> rassemblent des arguments, parfois consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme fallacieux dans la mesure o\u00f9 ils expriment la subjectivit\u00e9 de l\u2019argumentateur. En d\u2019autres termes, elles sont le reflet, dans la th\u00e9orie de l\u2019argumentation, des composantes \u00e9thotique et path\u00e9mique de la rh\u00e9torique, V.\u00a0Subjectivit\u00e9<\/a> ; \u00c9thos<\/a>; Pathos<\/a>.<\/span>
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

<\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arguments AD \u2013 : \u00ab\u00a0ARG AD HOMINEM\u00a0\u00bb Cette entr\u00e9e liste les arguments d\u00e9sign\u00e9s par un syntagme pr\u00e9positionnel latin gouvern\u00e9 par la pr\u00e9position ad, par exemple l’\u00e9tiquette \u201cargument ad hominem\u201d. 1. La construction : une d\u00e9signation moderne\u00a0? En latin classique, la pr\u00e9position ad se construit avec l\u2019accusatif et introduit des circonstanciels de lieu, de but. Selon […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1077"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12311,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077\/revisions\/12311"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}