{"id":4371,"date":"2021-08-05T20:02:40","date_gmt":"2021-08-05T18:02:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=4371"},"modified":"2021-11-02T18:21:00","modified_gmt":"2021-11-02T17:21:00","slug":"ad-arguments-eng","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/ad-arguments-eng\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cAd \u2014\u201d Arguments"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n

Some argument schemes are designated by Latin labels, S. A\/Ab \u2014; Ad \u2014; Ex \u2014<\/a>. This entry lists the labels using the Latin preposition ad<\/em>. In classical Latin, the preposition ad<\/em> is constructed with the accusative and introduces a goal complement. The phrase \u201cargument ad hominem<\/em>\u201d reads \u201cargument addressing the person\u201d.<\/p>\n

According to Hamblin, the oldest scheme in this grouping is ad hominem<\/em>, which appears in the Latin translations of Aristotle; this naming method was popularized by Locke ([1690]) and by Bentham ([1824]), and most of these terms seem to be nineteenth or twentieth century creations (Hamblin 1970, p. 41; p. 161- 162).<\/p>\n

1. A list of \u201cad + N\u201d arguments<\/span>
\n<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Latin name of the Argument<\/p>\n

Meaning of the Latin word(s)
\n\u2022 (When necessary a word-for-word translation)
\n\u2022 (English equivalent(s))
\n\u2022 Reference to the corresponding entry\/ies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
(reductio) ad absurdum<\/em> (also: ab absurdo<\/em>):<\/td>\n\u00a0Lat. absurdus<\/em>, \u201cfalse, unpleasant, absurd\u201d \u2014 reduction to the absurd \u2014 S. Absurd<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad amicitiam<\/em><\/td>\nLat. amicitia<\/em>, \u201cfriendship\u201d \u2014 appeal to friendship
\n\u2014 S. Emotion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad antiquitatem<\/em><\/td>\nLat. antiquitas<\/em>, \u201cantiquity, tradition\u201d \u2014 appeal to antiquity, to tradition \u2014 S. Authority<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad auditorem<\/em> (pl. ad auditores<\/em>)<\/td>\nLat. auditor<\/em>, \u201chearer, audience\u201d
\n\u2014 S. Beliefs of the audience.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad baculum<\/em><\/td>\nLat. baculus<\/em>, \u201cstick\u201d \u2014 S. Threat \u2014 Promise<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad captandum vulgus<\/em><\/td>\nLat. captare<\/em>, \u201ctry to seize … by insinuation, by guile\u201d; vulgus<\/em> \u201ccrowd, ordinary people\u201d \u2014 playing to the gallery ; playing to the crowd
\n\u2014 S. Emotion<\/a>; Ad populum<\/em><\/a> ; Laughter and Seriousness.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad consequentiam\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. consequentia<\/em>, \u201cfollowing, consequence\u201d
\n\u2014 S. Ad consequentiam<\/a>; Consequence \u2014 Effect<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad crumenam<\/em><\/td>\nLat. crumena<\/em>, \u201cpurse\u201d \u2014 argument to the purse
\n\u2014 S. Emotion<\/a> ; Threat \u2014 Promise<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(reductio) ad falsum
\n<\/em><\/td>\n		Lat. falsum<\/em>, \u201cfalse\u201d \u2014 reduction to a falsehood
\n\u2014 S. Absurd<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad fidem<\/em><\/td>\nLat. fides<\/em>, \u201cfaith\u201d \u2014 S. Faith<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad fulmen<\/em><\/td>\nLat. fulmen<\/em>, \u201cthunderbolt\u201d \u2014 argument from thunderbolt
\n\u2014 S.\u00a0 Threat \u2014 Promise<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad hominem<\/em><\/td>\nLat. homo, <\/em>\u201chuman being\u201d \u2014 S. Ad hominem<\/a><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad ignorantiam
\n<\/em><\/td>\n		Lat. ignorantia<\/em>, \u201cignorance\u201d \u2014 S. Ignorance<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad imaginationem
\n<\/em><\/td>\n		L<\/em>at. imaginatio, \u201cpicture, vision\u201d \u2014 appeal to imagination
\n\u2014 S. Subjectivity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(reductio) ad impossibile
\n<\/em><\/td>\n		Lat. impossibile<\/em> \u201cimpossible\u201d \u2014 reduction to the impossible
\n\u2014 S. Absurd<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(deducendo, reductio) ad incommodum:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. incommodum<\/em> \u201cunfortunate, disadvantageous\u201d \u2014 reduction to the uncomfortable \u2014 S. Ad incommodum<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad invidiam:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. invidia, \u201chate, envy\u201d \u2014 appeal to envy \u2014 S. Emotion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad iudicium:
\n<\/em><\/td>\n		Lat. iudicium<\/em>, \u201csentence, judgment, opinion\u201d \u2014 arg. appealing to the judgment ; to common sense \u2014 S. Matter<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ad lapidem:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. lapis<\/em>, \u201cstone; (symbol of stupidity, insensibility)\u201d \u2014 S. Dismissal<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad Lazarum<\/em><\/td>\nLat. Lazarus<\/em>, character of the Bible, paragon of the destitute \u2014 arg. ad Lazarum<\/em> \u2014 S. Rich and Poor<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad litteram:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. littera<\/em>, \u201cletter\u201d \u2014 S. Strict Meaning<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad ludicrum:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. ludicrum<\/em>, \u201cpublic game (theater, circus…)\u201d \u2014 appeal to the gallery \u2014
\nS. Emotion<\/a>; Ad populum<\/em><\/a> ; Laughter and Seriousness<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad metum<\/em><\/td>\nLat. metus<\/em>, \u201cfear, apprehension\u201d \u2014 appeal to fear \u2014 S. Threat \u2014 Promise<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad misericordiam:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. misericordia<\/em>, \u201ccompassion, pity\u201d \u2014 appeal to pity \u2014 S. Emotion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad modum:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. modus<\/em> \u201cmeasure, just measure, moderation\u201d \u2014 arg. of gradualism
\n\u2014 S. Proportion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad naturam:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. natura<\/em>, \u201cnature\u201d \u2014 appeal to nature ; naturalistic fallacy
\n\u2014 S. Weight of circumstances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad nauseam:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. nausea<\/em>, \u201cnausea, seasickness\u201d \u2014 proof by assertion \u2014 S. Repetition<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad novitatem:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. novitas<\/em>, \u201cnovelty, innovation; unexpected thing\u201d \u2014 appeal to novelty
\n\u2014 S. Progress<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ad numerum:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. numerus<\/em>, \u201cnumber, great number\u201d \u2014 arg. from number \u2014 S. Authority<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad odium:\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\nLat. odium<\/em>, \u201chate\u201d \u2014 appeal to hatred, to spite \u2014 S. Emotion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad orationem<\/em><\/td>\nLat. oratio<\/em>, \u201clanguage, comments, speech, discourse\u201d \u2014 S. Matter<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad passionem<\/em>
\n(pl. ad passiones<\/em>)<\/td>\n		Lat. passio<\/em>, \u201cpassivity; passion, emotion\u201d ; appeal to passion, to emotion
\n\u2014 S. Pathos<\/a> ; Emotion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad personam<\/em><\/td>\nLat. persona<\/em>, \u201cmask; role; person\u201d \u2014 abusive ad hominem
\n\u2014 S. Personal Attack<\/a>;\u00a0Ad hominem<\/a><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad populum <\/em><\/td>\nLat. populus<\/em> \u201cpeople\u201d \u2014 appeal to people, arg. from popularity
\n\u2014 S. Ad populum<\/em><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad quietem<\/em><\/td>\nLat. quies<\/em> \u201crest; political neutrality; calm; peace\u201d, tranquili- ty\u201d \u2014 appeal for calm, conservatism \u2014 S. Calm<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad rem<\/em><\/td>\nLat. res<\/em>, \u201cthing, being, reality ; judicial matter, issue\u201d \u2014 arg. addressed to the thing, to the point, dealing with the matter at hand \u2014 S. Matter<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad reverentiam<\/em><\/td>\nLat. reverentia<\/em>, \u201crespectful fear; deference\u201d \u2014S. Respect<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad ridiculum<\/em><\/td>\nLat. ridiculus<\/em>, \u201cfunny; ridicule\u201d \u2014 appeal to ridicule, appeal to mockery
\n\u2014 S. Absurd<\/a> ; Laughter and seriousness<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ad socordiam<\/em><\/td>\nLat. socordia<\/em>, \u201cstupidity; indolence\u201d \u2014 appeal to weak-mindedness
\n\u2014 S. Subjectivity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad superbiam <\/em><\/td>\nLat. superbia<\/em>, \u201cpride\u201d \u2014 appeal to pride; arg. of popular corruption
\n\u2014 S. Emotion<\/a>; Ad populum<\/em><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad superstitionem<\/em><\/td>\nLat. superstitio<\/em>, \u201csuperstition\u201d\u2014 S. Subjectivity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad temperantiam<\/em><\/td>\nLat. temperantia<\/em>, \u201cmoderation, restraint\u201d \u2014 S. Proportion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad verecundiam<\/em><\/td>\nLat. verecundia<\/em>, \u201crespect, modesty, discretion ; fear of shame\u201d \u2014 arg. from modesty ; arg. from authority \u2014 S. Subjectivity<\/a> ; Modesty<\/a> ; Authority<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad vertiginem<\/em><\/td>\nLat. vertigo<\/em>, \u201crotation, dizziness\u201d \u2014 S. Vertigo<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

1.<\/strong>Characteristics of the \u201cad + N\u201d family<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

2.1 A productive pattern<\/span><\/h2>\n

There are many more \u201cad +N\u201d arguments than there are \u201ca \/ ab + N\u201d arguments. Only the \u201cad +N\u201d construction is still productive; the pattern is popular and mocked (ad bananum argument).<\/p>\n

2.2 Origin of the labels<\/span><\/h2>\n
\n

Some of these names have been defined and used by Locke and Bentham, S. Collections (III).<\/p>\n

Locke has defined the arguments:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n
ad hominem<\/td>\nad judicium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ad ignorantiam<\/td>\n\u00a0ad verecundiam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
\n

Bentham has defined the arguments:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
ad amicitiam<\/p>\n

ad ignorantiam<\/p>\n

ad imaginationem<\/p>\n

ad invidiam<\/td>\n

ad judicium ad metum ad odium ad quietem<\/td>\nad socordiam
\nad superbiam
\nad superstitionem ad verecundiam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n

2.3 Semantic subsets of \u201ca d + N\u201d arguments<\/span><\/h2>\n

These arguments refer to very different strategies. Nonetheless, some group- ings can be proposed according to their semantic content.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(i) Arguments bound to affects, emotions,<\/strong> often via positive interest (rewards) or negative results (threats):<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n
ad amicitiam<\/p>\n

ad captandum vulgus<\/p>\n

ad invidiam<\/p>\n

ad ludicrum<\/p>\n

ad metum (ad carcerem, ad baculum, ad fulmen, ad crumenam)<\/td>\n

ad misericordiam<\/p>\n

ad novitatem<\/p>\n

ad numerum<\/p>\n

ad passionem<\/p>\n

ad odium<\/p>\n

ad quietem<\/td>\n

ad personam<\/p>\n

ad populum<\/p>\n

ad superbiam<\/p>\n

ad verecundiam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

(ii) Arguments involving a limited, subjective system of beliefs,<\/strong> not universal, questionable:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n
ad consequentiam<\/p>\n

ad fidem<\/p>\n

ad hominem<\/td>\n

ad ignorantiam<\/p>\n

ad imaginationem<\/p>\n

ad incommodum<\/td>\n

ad socordiam<\/p>\n

ad superstitionem<\/p>\n

ad vertiginem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Categories (i) and (ii) list arguments often considered as misleading, insofar as they express the subjectivity of the speaker. In other words, they are related to the ethotic and pathemic components, S. Subjectivity; Ethos; Pathos; Emotion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

 <\/p>\n

(iii) Arguments opposed to the subjective series (i) and (ii) and dealing with the substance of the issue:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
ad iudicium<\/td>\nad rem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Some argument schemes are designated by Latin labels, S. A\/Ab \u2014; Ad \u2014; Ex \u2014. This entry lists the labels using the Latin preposition ad. In classical Latin, the preposition ad is constructed with the accusative and introduces a goal complement. The phrase \u201cargument ad hominem\u201d reads \u201cargument addressing the person\u201d. According to Hamblin, the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4371"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4371\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6483,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4371\/revisions\/6483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}