{"id":4720,"date":"2021-10-17T18:43:07","date_gmt":"2021-10-17T16:43:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=4720"},"modified":"2025-03-28T17:17:32","modified_gmt":"2025-03-28T16:17:32","slug":"autophagy-retaliation-e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/autophagy-retaliation-e\/","title":{"rendered":"Autophagy, Retaliation"},"content":{"rendered":"

AUTOPHAGY – RETRIBUTION<\/span><\/h1>\n

A statement can be self-justifying<\/em>: S. Self-Argued Claim<\/a>. This self-defense is made possible by the multi-layered semantic structure of language, and in particular by the fact that words have an orientation<\/a>, that may well be based on implicit arguments, S. Words as arguments<\/a>.
\nJust as it can be self-justifying, it can also be self-defeating<\/em>. A statement is self-defeating when it expresses a logical or material impossibility, or when it involves a pragmatic contradiction between what is said and the act of saying it.<\/p>\n

Perelman calls this phenomenon autophagy<\/em>. defined as a contradiction arising from the fact that \u201cthe assertion of a rule or a principle is incompatible with the conditions or with the consequences of its assertion or application. Such arguments can be called autophagy<\/em>.
\nRetaliation<\/em><\/strong> is the argument that attacks the rule by highlighting the autophagy\u201d (Perelman 1977, pp. 72-73).<\/p>\n

The assertion is incompatible with the asserted fact, \u201cthe act itself implies what the words deny\u201d (id<\/em>. p. 73). Perhaps the best-known case of autophagy is that of the Cretan Epimenides claiming that \u201call the Cretans are liars<\/em>\u201d:<\/p>\n

There are no more cannibals, we have eaten the last one.<\/p>\n

S1 \u2014\u00a0All statements can be questioned.
\n<\/em>S2 \u2014\u00a0I question this statement.<\/em><\/p>\n

Retribution<\/em> is a kind of refutation that reconstructs a claim as pragmatically self-defeating on the basis of its own content and principles. In philosophy, this strategy, known as the epitrope<\/em><\/a>, is used by Socrates to refute the thesis of Protagoras according to which:<\/p>\n

Man is the measure of all things: of the things that are, that they \u2028are, and of the things that are not, that they are not. (Plato, Theaetetus<\/em>, 152a; CW<\/em>, p. 169)<\/p>\n

According to Socrates, this doctrine has the \u201cmost exquisite feature\u201d that if it is true, it is false:<\/p>\n

Socrates<\/em>: \u2014 Protagoras admits, I presume, that the contrary opinion to his own opinion (namely, that it is false) must be true, since he agrees that all men judge what is.
\nTheodorus<\/em>: \u2014\u00a0Undoubtedly.
\nSocrates<\/em>: \u2014 And in admitting the truth of the opinion of those who think \u2028him wrong, he really admits the falsity of his own opinion?
\nTheodorus<\/em>: \u2014\u00a0Yes, inevitably.\u2028 (Id<\/em>., 171a-b; OC<\/em>, p. 190)<\/p>\n

This refutation is based on the principle of non-contradiction<\/a>; to maintain consistency, a skeptic must to doubt this principle.<\/p>\n

See Prolepsis;<\/a> Ad hominem<\/em><\/a>; Ex datis<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AUTOPHAGY – RETRIBUTION A statement can be self-justifying: S. Self-Argued Claim. This self-defense is made possible by the multi-layered semantic structure of language, and in particular by the fact that words have an orientation, that may well be based on implicit arguments, S. Words as arguments. Just as it can be self-justifying, it can also […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4720","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4720"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4720\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13846,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4720\/revisions\/13846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4720"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4720"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4720"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}