{"id":4809,"date":"2021-10-19T10:22:47","date_gmt":"2021-10-19T08:22:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=4809"},"modified":"2025-08-11T10:47:50","modified_gmt":"2025-08-11T08:47:50","slug":"consequence-and-effect-e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/consequence-and-effect-e\/","title":{"rendered":"Effect-to-Cause, arg. from \u2014"},"content":{"rendered":"

EFFECT-TO-CAUSE<\/span> Arg.<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

The word consequence<\/em> can mean:<\/p>\n

\u2014\u00a0Effect<\/em><\/strong><\/span>, referring to a causal<\/strong>,<\/em> cause-effect relationship, see causality.<\/a>
\n<\/strong>\u2014\u00a0Consequent<\/em><\/strong><\/span>, referring to a logical<\/strong>,<\/em> antecedent-consequent relationship, see connectives<\/a> (\u00a7Implication)<\/a><\/p>\n

1. Effect-to-Cause Argument<\/span><\/h1>\n

Other expressions can also be used as well, such as argument by the effect<\/em>, or from the effect to the cause,<\/em> see also a priori, a posteriori.<\/a><\/em>
\nThe effect-to-cause argument works backwards from the effect to its cause. Data is considered to be the effect of a hypothetical cause, which that can be reconstructed based on the data combined with a known causal relationship between this type of fact and its cause.<\/p>\n

You have a fever, therefore you have an infection<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014\u00a0Argument<\/em>:<\/strong> A confirmed fact t<\/strong>, the patient’s temperature. This fact t<\/strong> belongs to the category of facts or events T,<\/strong> \u201chaving a temperature<\/em>\u201d, as defined by medicine. This is a categorisation process.
\n\u2014 Causal law<\/em>:<\/strong> There is a known causal law linking I-<\/strong>facts \u201chaving an infection<\/em>\u201d to T-<\/strong>facts, \u201chaving a temperature.<\/em>\u201d
\n\u2014\u00a0Conclusion<\/em>:<\/strong> t<\/strong> has a I-type<\/strong> cause, an infection, and the patient should be treated accordingly.<\/p>\n

This corresponds to the diagnostic process. One might speak of diagnostic reasoning, <\/em><\/strong>a type of abduction<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The effect (the temperature) is the natural sign<\/em><\/a> of the cause.<\/strong> These natural, palpable, effects provide a basis for argument from natural signs:<\/p>\n

Look! The ashes are still hot, th a fire must have occurred recently. They cannot be very far away.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the field of \u200b\u200bsocio-political decision-making, the argument by consequences corresponds to the pragmatic argumentation<\/a>, which transfers the positive or negative evaluation of the effects of a proposed measure to the measure itself.<\/p>\n

The pathetic fallacy <\/a>is a type of pragmatic argument that goes from the premise that \u00ab\u00a0Rain would ruin our party\u00a0\u00bb<\/em> to the conclusion, \u00ab\u00a0So<\/em>, it won’t rain<\/em>\u201d, as if one’s wishes could influence the natural course of events.<\/p>\n

2. Arguments by the Identity of the Consequences<\/span><\/h1>\n

The same type of argument applies to deductions made from the implied meaning of words, as an appeal to the sense of semantic coherence or logical consistency:<\/p>\n

Topos<\/em>: \u201cAnother topic consists of concluding the identity of precedents from the identity of results.\u201d<\/span>
\nInstance<\/em>: \u201cThere is as much impiety in asserting that the gods are born as in saying that they die; for either way the result is that at some time or other they did not exist\u201d (Aristotle, Rhet<\/em>. II, 23, 1399b5; F. pp. 313-315).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0If the reason for banning marijuana is that it causes a loss of control, then all substances that cause a loss of control must also be banned, including alcohol for example.
\nIf something is condemned because it mechanically involves something negative, then it automatically creates a category of causes \u201chaving that kind of negative consequences<\/em>\u201d, which must also be condemned.<\/p>\n

3. Refutation by Contradictory Consequences<\/span><\/h2>\n

Refutation by contradictory consequences is a type of ad hominem<\/em><\/a>, used in dialectic:<\/p>\n

Peter says \u201cS<\/strong> is P<\/strong>\u201d.<\/span>
\nThe fact that S<\/strong> has the consequence Q<\/strong>: the fact is acknowledged by Peter.<\/span>
\nHowever, P<\/strong> and Q<\/strong> are incompatible.<\/span>
\nTherefore Peter is saying incompatible things about S<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Example:<\/p>\n

Peter says that power is good<\/em>.<\/span>
\nHowever, everyone agrees that power corrupts.<\/em><\/span>
\nCorruption is evil<\/em>.<\/span>
\nSince good<\/em> and evil are incompatible,<\/em> power should exclude<\/em> corruption to be good.<\/span>
\nPeter says contradictory things.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

EFFECT-TO-CAUSE Arg. The word consequence can mean: \u2014\u00a0Effect, referring to a causal, cause-effect relationship, see causality. \u2014\u00a0Consequent, referring to a logical, antecedent-consequent relationship, see connectives (\u00a7Implication) 1. Effect-to-Cause Argument Other expressions can also be used as well, such as argument by the effect, or from the effect to the cause, see also a priori, a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4809","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4809","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4809"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4809\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14659,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4809\/revisions\/14659"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4809"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4809"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4809"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}