{"id":5023,"date":"2021-10-21T10:07:39","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T08:07:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=5023"},"modified":"2025-06-27T15:38:08","modified_gmt":"2025-06-27T13:38:08","slug":"figure-e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/figure-e\/","title":{"rendered":"Figure"},"content":{"rendered":"

FIGURE<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

The term figure<\/em> is used with different meanings in syllogistics, in fallacy theory and in rhetoric.<\/p>\n

1. Figures of the Syllogism<\/span><\/h1>\n

The figures of syllogism<\/a> correspond to the different forms of the syllogism, depending on the position of the middle term in the premises.<\/p>\n

2. The \u201cFigure of Speech\u201d Fallacy<\/span><\/h1>\n

The fallacy of a misleading expression<\/em><\/a> is sometimes called the fallacy of the figure of speech.<\/p>\n

3. Figures of Rhetoric<\/span><\/h1>\n

Figures of rhetoric<\/strong> are variations in the manner of expression that give discourse \u00ab\u00a0more grace and vivacity, luster and energy\u201d (Littr\u00e9, Figure<\/em>). Dictionaries of rhetoric contain entries relevant to the field of argumentation. For example, the Gradus<\/em> dictionary, devoted to the literary processes<\/em> (Dupriez, 1984), contains entries such as argument, argumentation, deduction, enthymeme, epicheirema, example, induction, refutation, paralogism, premise, reasoning, sophism, <\/em>etc..These basic concepts belong to the fields of argumentation studies and literary studies, among others.<\/p>\n

The term figure<\/em> encompasses\u00a0tropes and figures of speech<\/strong>. Metaphor<\/em><\/a>, irony<\/em><\/a> metonymy<\/em><\/a> and synecdoche<\/em> are considered the \u201cfour master tropes.\u201d As a kind of analogy and model<\/em>, the metaphor<\/em>\u00a0 has a clear argumentative function. The mechanisms of metonymy<\/em> and synecdoche<\/em><\/a> correspond to those that justify the transition from an argument to a conclusion. Moreover, irony<\/em><\/a> draws on a self-evident situation.<\/p>\n

The term figure of speech<\/em> can actually refer to any significant and recurring form of discursive organization<\/strong>. Thus, the enthymeme<\/em><\/a> can be considered as a figure, the enthymemism<\/em>, as can refutation<\/em><\/a> and prolepsis<\/em><\/a>. Other figures of rhetoric, ranging from antanaclasis<\/em> (see orientation<\/a>) to analogy<\/em><\/a> and interpretation<\/em><\/a> correspond to well-identified argument schemes.<\/p>\n

Other figures play a role in constructing argumentative structures. For example, a figure of syntactic disposition<\/em>, such as parallelism<\/em>, can organize an analogy<\/a> or antithesis<\/a>.<\/p>\n

F<\/em>igures of opposition<\/em><\/span> are all directly interpretable as argumentative, because they correspond to different modes of \u00ab\u00a0discourse versus<\/em>\u00a0counter-discourse\u00a0\u00bb confrontation.<\/p>\n

Without reducing each and every figure to an argumentative feature, one can be observe that the classical definition of argumentation is based on the idea that it is an attempt to gain acceptance of a discourse (conclusion) based on good reasons (argument). A clear sign of acceptance is when the proposed discourse is resumed<\/em>, repeated, and developed<\/em><\/strong>, especially as fragments or slogans<\/strong>. Things that are repeated must be first memorized, therefore figures of sound <\/em>and rhetorical puns<\/em> which are used in catchphrases, can legitimately be considered features of argumentation.<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

FIGURE The term figure is used with different meanings in syllogistics, in fallacy theory and in rhetoric. 1. Figures of the Syllogism The figures of syllogism correspond to the different forms of the syllogism, depending on the position of the middle term in the premises. 2. The \u201cFigure of Speech\u201d Fallacy The fallacy of a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5023","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5023"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5023\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14538,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5023\/revisions\/14538"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5023"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5023"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5023"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}