{"id":5043,"date":"2021-10-21T10:41:45","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T08:41:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=5043"},"modified":"2025-02-08T10:58:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-08T09:58:32","slug":"imitation-paragon-model-e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/imitation-paragon-model-e\/","title":{"rendered":"Imitation – Paragon \u2013 Model"},"content":{"rendered":"

IMITATION, PARAGONS, MODELS<\/span><\/h1>\n

1. Paragons<\/span><\/h1>\n

When it comes to political thought, some events serve as paragons<\/em>: Munich and the diplomatic defeat of democracies in the face of Nazi expansionism, the genocide of Jews, Gypsies and homosexuals, are all great analogues that function as an anti-model for all current conflicts. For the United States before the Iraq war, Vietnam was the great analogue called to the rescue when it came to opposing military intervention abroad. Paragons serve as \u201cmodels\u201d for understanding the new events; they work on the principle of precedent, S. Analogy (II)<\/a>; <\/strong>Precedent<\/a>; Example<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The paragon, person or event, creates a class by analogy, see Categorization<\/a>; Analogy (I)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A \u201cgreat analogue\u201d can stage characters that are a source of antonomasia<\/em>. The antonomasia is the figure of speech by which a member of a category is designated by the name of the paragon of that category: a Daladier<\/em> or a Chamberlain<\/em><\/strong> is a politician who capitulates to a dictator instead of fighting him. This references the behavior of the European politicians Edouard Daladier and Neville Chamberlain in Munich in 1938, as they dealt with Hitler.<\/p>\n

Anti-models<\/em><\/strong> such as Chamberlain or Daladier <\/em>represent everything one should not<\/strong><\/em> do (Perelman, Olbrechts-Tyteca [1958], p. 362).<\/p>\n

Anti-models typify negative authority<\/strong>; the \u201cModel of the Anti-Models\u201d is Hitler, S. Authority \u00a76: <\/a>Refutative uses of authority<\/em>.<\/p>\n

2. Model<\/span><\/h1>\n

The model<\/em> is the single most valued member of a hierarchical category.<\/p>\n

\u2014 It functions as the root of the class, generating the other members of the class.<\/span>
\n\u2014 It is the most representative element of the category.<\/span>
\n\u2014 As such, it is the criterion for evaluating the other class members and for integrating new individuals into the category.<\/span>
\n\u2014 It is considered to be the ideal form, towards which all members of the class tend.<\/span><\/p>\n

The argument by the model supports the conclusions of the type \u201cthis is (not) a good (real, true) X\u201d by comparing the item to evaluate and reference.<\/p>\n

In classical culture, the doctrine of imitation is based on the authority of a model. Literary genres are defined by the relationship of their members to a founding model, a founding \u201cfather\u201d: Thucydides for history; Aesop and La Fontaine for fables; Aristotle and Cicero for argumentation, etc.<\/p>\n

3. Imitation
\n<\/span><\/h1>\n

When an individual identifies with another person this person becomes his model.<\/p>\n

Reciprocally, A model is an individual worthy of imitation.<\/p>\n

When a model is chosen by an individual, the model is not necessarily conscious of being a model, and the situation is not clearly argumentative, S. Example<\/a><\/p>\n

In order to get an individual to do something, one can proceed argumentatively, that is\u00a0 discursively, by arguing through the model<\/em>, by giving as an example important people, either real or fictional, who have done the same deed. This \u201cargument from exemplarity\u201d can be seen as variant of the verbal argument of authority, a metonymic exemplum<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

In addition, one might set an example in order to demonstrate to the other what is desired. For example, one might stop smoking to encourage a friend to stop smoking. Metaphorically speaking, this is an \u201cargument by example\u201d, just as one speaks of an \u201cargument by strength\u201d (appeal to force) when trying to open a stubborn can with a screwdriver.<\/p>\n

The strategy\u00a0 of example can be applied to any forms of behavior we wish to change; how to eat properly, how to speak properly, how to live a dignified life worthy of reward in the afterlife. During this process, there may be some kind of persuasion, i.e.,a\u00a0 change in belief that correlates with the change in behavior, but not all persuasion comes from argument, see \u2018You too\u2019<\/a>.<\/p>\n

By setting an example, the person hopes to set in motion alignment<\/em> mechanisms. The argument by the example given<\/em>, plays on nonverbal mechanisms of social imitation, ripple effect, identification, empathy, charisma. Seduction and repulsion are forces distinct from argumentation that push individuals to align with or to distance themselves from another person.<\/p>\n

The ethotic argument combines with the argumentation by example, thereby pushing the audience to fully identify with the orator as a model, to commit themselves to full belief in what he or she says and doing what he or she does, see Ethos<\/a>; Consensus<\/a>; Ad populum.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IMITATION, PARAGONS, MODELS 1. Paragons When it comes to political thought, some events serve as paragons: Munich and the diplomatic defeat of democracies in the face of Nazi expansionism, the genocide of Jews, Gypsies and homosexuals, are all great analogues that function as an anti-model for all current conflicts. For the United States before the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5043","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5043","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5043"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5043\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13350,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5043\/revisions\/13350"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5043"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5043"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5043"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}