{"id":5658,"date":"2021-10-25T10:49:46","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T08:49:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=5658"},"modified":"2025-04-18T09:03:18","modified_gmt":"2025-04-18T07:03:18","slug":"values-e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/values-e\/","title":{"rendered":"Values"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\">VALUE-2 in Argument<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>In the field of argumentation studies, the word <em>value<\/em> can refer to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In logic, the truth value of a proposition, see <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/proposition-e\/\">proposition<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The cogency of an argument, see e<a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/4919-2\/\">valuation<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/force-e\/\">force<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Value as a founding concept of the <em>New Rhetoric<\/em>, see <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/values-new-rhetoric\/\">value-1<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/conductive-argument-e\/\">Conductive<\/a> argument<\/li>\n<li>The place of values\u200b in argument: this entry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;\">1. The Bipolar Scale of Values and Anti-Values <\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The concept of value refers to questions of subjectivity, emotion, and the orientation (or bias) of words and statements.<br \/>\nValues are the structuring axes of desire and basic components of emotion production.<br \/>\nIn common language, a value term is an indicator of preferences, a reference that serves to explain and legitimize choices.<br \/>\nFrom the lexical point of view, value terms go through<strong> pairs of anti-oriented terms {value, counter-value}.<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14042 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-17.34.51-300x44.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"49\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-17.34.51-300x44.png 300w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-17.34.51-768x113.png 768w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-17.34.51-624x92.png 624w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-17.34.51.png 826w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\" \/><br \/>\nA (positive) value term<\/strong> is the positive pole of a bipolar scale, the negative pole being a negative value term expressing the corresponding negative value (counter-value, anti-value).<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 73.6302%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 36.9812%; padding-left: 40px;\"><strong><em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">truth<\/span>\/untruth, falsehood<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">knowledge<\/span>\/ignorance<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">good<\/span>\/bad<br \/>\n<\/em><em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">beauty<\/span>\/ugliness<br \/>\n<\/em><em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">honor<\/span> \/ shame, humiliation<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">rich<\/span>\/poor, destitute<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.8802%; padding-left: 40px;\"><strong><em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">pleasure<\/span>\/<\/em><em>pain, misery,<br \/>\n<\/em><em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">virtue<\/span>\/<\/em><em>vice<\/em><em><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">harmony<\/span>\/<\/em><em>chaos<br \/>\n<\/em><em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">love<\/span>\/<\/em><em>hate<br \/>\n<\/em><em>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">justice<\/span>\/<\/em><em>injustice<br \/>\n<\/em><em>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">freedom<\/span>\/<\/em><em>oppression.<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The multiplicity of negative term is an index of the plurivocity of the positive term.<\/p>\n<p>The relation value \/ countervalue can be reversed:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">aesthetics of ugliness<\/span><\/strong>\/beauty,<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>baroque aesthetics of instability<\/strong><\/span>\/ classical constancy.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Without specification, the cover term <em>moral<\/em> <em>value<\/em> is equivalent o <span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em><strong>virtue, quality or gift<\/strong><\/em><\/span>. Its antonyms correspond to the counter-values of <span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong><em>defect &#8211; sin &#8211; lack.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14044 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.06.19-300x55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"393\" height=\"72\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.06.19-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.06.19-768x141.png 768w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.06.19-624x115.png 624w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.06.19.png 882w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>2. Stasis of Evaluation : Value\/Counter-Value, praise and blame<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Among the basic value systems, the triad of <span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ccffff;\">ascetic disinterested moral values<\/span><\/strong>, <\/span><strong><em><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">the true, the good, the beautiful<\/span> <\/em><\/strong>certainly comes first [1]. These values are publicly presented as good reasons for an action and invoked in epidictic discourse to <strong>praise<\/strong> a behavior<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">He dedicated his life to the <strong>common good<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">His <strong>sense of justice<\/strong> was deeply wounded<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">His testimony was <strong>a tribute to truth<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff; background-color: #ccffff;\">Material values<\/span>,<\/strong> as opposed to ascetic values, are firmly rooted in the human condition, as human material desires, namely:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em><strong>power<\/strong>, fame, recognition, celebrity<br \/>\n<strong>sensu<\/strong><strong>al<\/strong><strong> desires<\/strong><\/em>, <em>lust and fast living<\/em>;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong><em>money <\/em><\/strong>which can buy all the other kinds of pleasures<\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">. <\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>As the devil&rsquo;s advocate, the accuser <strong>blames<\/strong> a behavior by substituting\u00a0 glorious motives with more selfish, hidden and blameworthy motives. Contrast:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The pursuit of beauty is the meaning of my life<br \/>\nThe pursuit of fame, power, lust, money, is the meaning of my live<\/p>\n<p>Material values are used to counter the appeal to ascetic and disinterested values:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>You did it to secure your nomination, you got a comfortable sinecure for it!<br \/>\nYou were shocked because the facts resisted your ideology.<br \/>\nYour search for beauty brought you a very nice income.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Moral values are something positive, qualities that one must \u00ab\u00a0have\u00a0\u00bb, and the official standard rules, guidelines, norms for practical action<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">I&rsquo;m cooperative, patient, tolerant, honest as long as I have no good reasons not to be so<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">I agree, this is not a cooperative, patient, tolerant, honest move, but it is for the needs of the cause, for a good purpose.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong>3. Value judgment<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A value judgment about a being, an event, a situation&#8230; <strong>B<\/strong> is a judgment that places <strong>B<\/strong> on the specific scale of evaluation attached to a value \/ anti-value system, such as:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14045 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.21.04-300x70.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.21.04-300x70.png 300w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.21.04-768x180.png 768w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.21.04-624x146.png 624w, https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2025-04-17-a\u0300-18.21.04.png 906w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Restricting circulation rights is oriented towards {<em>+oppression, -freedom<\/em>}<br \/>\nExtending circulation rights is oriented towards {<em>+freedom, -oppression<\/em>}<\/p>\n<p>This scale functions as the cold \/ hot scale, see <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/scale-argumentative-scales-laws-of-discourse-e\/\">argument scale &#8211; law of discourse<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Value judgments<\/strong> assign a <strong>value<\/strong> to a particular being, as any predication assigns a property to a being, respecting the semantic and syntactic constraints of that composition.<br \/>\nJudgments assign predicates (a property) to objects, be they abstract (like <em>judgment<\/em>) or concrete (<em>apple<\/em>), non-existent (<em>the blue unicorn<\/em>) or existent (the actual PM) . In practice, this mean that these entities can be talked about, described and defined regardless of their ontological status.<br \/>\nThe key point is that even the more evanescent values can be at least broadly defined, have an air de famille with other values, they have an origin and a history, prototypical occurrences\u00a0 and preferred collocations. All of this is sufficient to apply to them the routine argumentative procedures see <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/4614-2\/\">analogy<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/scale-argumentative-scales-laws-of-discourse-e\/\">scale<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/definition-and-argument-e\/\">definition<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/categorization-and-nomination\/\">categorization<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/precedent-e\/\">precedent<\/a>, etc.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>4. Justification of Value Judgments<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Value judgments are accountable, as any other judgments<\/p>\n<p>In virtue of their self-certifying power, <strong>an interjection or an exclamation<\/strong> can be a sufficient justification, for a value judgment, positive <em>oh! wonderful!<\/em> <em>wuper!<\/em> or negative <em>ugh!<\/em>or blegh! disgusting! [1]\n<p>The value judgment can be justified on a variety of good, \u2013and sometimes strange \u2013 good reasons:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>X is (+) because:<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&#8211; there are many \/ few<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&#8211; it is round\/square it is heavy\/light, it is blue\/mustard colored,<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&#8211; it has a nice shape\/no shape<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&#8211; I like it<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&#8211; it is available right now, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The story goes that a wealthy old widow was once asked to sell one of her rustic estates that had been uninhabited and abandoned for many generations. The discussion was long and arduous, and, when the buyer ran out of arguments, he pointed out that unless urgent repairs were made, the estate would fall into ruin. To which the widow would have soberly replied: \u00ab\u00a0<em>I like ruins<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0, an undeniable justification.<\/p>\n<p>Things can be much more complicated. The political value of national sovereignty is part of the founding declaration of the Syldavian republic.\u00a0 An evaluation question can arise, asking for example, that an international treaty be assessed in relation to that value. For this purpose, reference can be made to the axiomatic definition of sovereignty, as enshrined in its legal implementation; by experience drawn from analogous situations in the past; by a case by case argument showing that the treaty respects or not the specialized principles of the component of global sovereignty, military, financial, energy, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Once attached to objects by a justified value judgment, values enter into routine argumentation exploiting oriented terms. The role of such valuations is clear in arguments through the absurd or through positive or negative consequences.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>From a linguistic argumentative point of view, the structure of a deliberation about X or a justification of <em>\u00ab\u00a0X is (+)<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb is no different from \u00ab\u00a0<em>X is flammable<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0<em>: <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>It&rsquo;s flammable, because it&rsquo;s very dry, and they put products in it<\/em>.<br \/>\n<em>He&rsquo;s a reliable guy because he&rsquo;s got an excellent education and he brought me back my wallet.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This position should be coherent\u00a0 the positions expressed or exploited in the entries of the\u00a0 value-1 and conductive reasoning.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n[]Christian Plantin, 2019 Informal Logic, Vol. 39, No. 4 (2019), pp. 347\u2013371<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">[2] Guerrini Jean-Claude, 2019, <em>Les Valeurs dans l&rsquo;argumentation<\/em> [Values in argumentation]. Paris, Classiques Garnier<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>\u2013 \u2013,Conflits de valeurs et corrida. \u00c9tude argumentative de la controverse.<\/em> L\u2019Harmattan. 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>VALUE-2 in Argument In the field of argumentation studies, the word value can refer to: In logic, the truth value of a proposition, see proposition. The cogency of an argument, see evaluation; force. Value as a founding concept of the New Rhetoric, see value-1. Conductive argument The place of values\u200b in argument: this entry. 1. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5658","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5658"}],"version-history":[{"count":45,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5658\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14049,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5658\/revisions\/14049"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5658"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5658"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5658"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}