{"id":6159,"date":"2021-11-02T13:31:29","date_gmt":"2021-11-02T12:31:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=6159"},"modified":"2025-07-14T15:00:17","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T13:00:17","slug":"based-on-exploit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/based-on-exploit\/","title":{"rendered":"Arguments ESTABLISHING vs EXPLOITING a relationship"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Argumentations that<br \/>\n<em>ESTABLISH<\/em> vs. <em>EXPLOIT<\/em> a RELATIONSHIP<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong>Analogy, authority, causality<\/strong> and <strong>definition<\/strong><\/span> are basic argumentative resources. They can be found in Cicero&rsquo;s typologies (1st century BC, see<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/collections-ii-from-aristotle-to-boethius-e\/\">collections from Aristotle to Boethius)<\/a><\/span>, as well as in Janik, Rieke and Toulmin&rsquo;s nine \u201cforms of reasoning\u201d (1984), see <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/collections-iv-contemporary-innovations-and-structurations-e\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">collections: contemporary Innovations and structurations<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The arguments associated with these four sources fall into two main categories:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>(1) Arguments that <span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">establish (construct, justify) the claim that<\/span>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/cause-effect-the-causal-link-e\/\">There is <strong>a causal connection<\/strong> between two facts<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">There is <strong>an analogy<\/strong> between two beings or two organizations of reality<br \/>\nsee <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/categorization-and-nomination\/\">categorization<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/4614-2\/\">intra-categorical analogy<\/a>;<a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/analogy-iii-structural-analogy\/\"> structural analogy<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Such a source is <strong>authoritative:<\/strong> see <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/authoritye\/\">authority, \u00a77.3<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">S<a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/argumentation-justifying-e\/\">uch a <strong>definition<\/strong> correctly defines such a word, or such a concept.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">(2) Arguments that <span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong>exploit a pre-established (assumed, known) relationship<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A causal connection<\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"> See <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/cause-to-effect-argumentation-e\/\">cause-to-effect arg.;<\/a>\u00a0 a<a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/consequence-and-effect-e\/\">rg. from consequence and effect<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/pragmatic-argument-e\/\">pragmatic arg.<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>An analogical relationship<\/strong><br \/>\nSeen\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/categorization-and-nomination\/\">categorization<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/4614-2\/\">intra-categorical analogy<\/a>;<a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/analogy-iii-structural-analogy\/\"> structural analogy<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>An authoritative source<\/strong><br \/>\nSee<a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/authoritye\/\"> authority, \u00a76 \u2013 67<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A definition<\/strong><br \/>\nSee <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/definition-iii-argumentations-based-on-a-definition\/\">definition3: arguments based on a definition<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Arguments of this second type arguments can be refuted on the grounds that the underlying claim of type (1) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Arguments \u201cbased on \/ establishing the structure of reality\u201d: a re-interpretation<br \/>\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to the above distinction, type (1) arguments <span style=\"background-color: #ccffff;\"><em>establish the structure of reality<\/em> <\/span>Type (2) arguments <span style=\"background-color: #ccffff;\"><em>are based on the corresponding local structuration of reality<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The interpretation to this distinction is different from the one found in the <em>Treatise<\/em><\/strong> between \u201cArgument based on the structure of reality\u201d\u00a0 ([1958], \u00a760-77) and \u201cRelations establishing the structure of reality\u201d ([1958], \u00a778-88), see <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/collections-iv-contemporary-innovations-and-structurations-e\/\">Collections (4)<\/a>.<br \/>\nAccording to Perelman &amp; Olbrechts-Tyteca,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">\u2014 <strong>Causal arguments<\/strong> and <strong>authority<\/strong> are <em>\u201cbased on the structure of reality\u201d.<\/em><br \/>\n\u2014 <strong>Analogy<\/strong> is a relation that <em>\u201cestablish the structure of reality\u201d.<\/em><br \/>\n\u2014 <strong>Definition<\/strong> is a<em> \u201cquasi-logical\u201d relation.<\/em><em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Argumentations that ESTABLISH vs. EXPLOIT a RELATIONSHIP Analogy, authority, causality and definition are basic argumentative resources. They can be found in Cicero&rsquo;s typologies (1st century BC, see collections from Aristotle to Boethius), as well as in Janik, Rieke and Toulmin&rsquo;s nine \u201cforms of reasoning\u201d (1984), see collections: contemporary Innovations and structurations. The arguments associated with [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6159","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6159"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6159\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14614,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6159\/revisions\/14614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6159"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}