{"id":7192,"date":"2022-01-15T11:44:08","date_gmt":"2022-01-15T10:44:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=7192"},"modified":"2024-10-23T15:20:52","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T13:20:52","slug":"experience-de-pensee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/experience-de-pensee\/","title":{"rendered":"Exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>EXP\u00c9RIENCE DE PENS\u00c9E<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">1. Exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>L&rsquo;expression \u201cexp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e\u201d (EP) apparue au 18e si\u00e8cle, a \u00e9t\u00e9 popularis\u00e9e par Ernst Mach (<em>Gedanken Experiment<\/em>) au 20e si\u00e8cle (SEP, <em>Thought experiment<\/em>), Cette forme de raisonnement a \u00e9t\u00e9 pratiqu\u00e9e depuis l&rsquo;antiquit\u00e9 aussi bien en Orient qu&rsquo;en Occident.<br \/>\n<strong>(Ex. 1)<\/strong> L&rsquo;exemple qui suit est emprunt\u00e9 \u00e0 Ibn Sina (Avicenne) (980-1037), o\u00f9 il appara\u00eet dans deux passages :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">We say: If a human is created all at once, created with his limbs separated and he does not see them, and if it happens that he does not touch them and they do not touch each other, and he hears no sound, he would be ignorant of the existence of the whole of his organs, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">but <strong>would know the existence of his individual being<\/strong> as one thing,<\/span> while being ignorant of all the former things. What is itself the unknown is not the known.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Avicenna, <em>al-Nafs<\/em> (c. 1027). V.7 (Marmura p. 390) <a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">He will not doubt his <strong>affirming his self existing<\/strong>,<\/span> but with this he will not affirm any limb from among his organs, no internal organ, whether heart or brain, and no external thing. Rather, he would be<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"> affirming his self<\/span> without affirming for it length, breadth and depth. And if in this state he were able to imagine a hand or some other organ, he would not imagine it as part of his self or a condition for its existence.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">You know that what is affirmed is other than what is not affirmed and what is acknowledged is other than what is not acknowledged. <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Hence <strong>the self<\/strong> whose existence he has affirmed has a special characteristic of<strong> its being his very self<\/strong>,<\/span> other than his body and organs that have not been affirmed.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Hence the one who affirms has a means to be alerted to <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">the existence of the soul <\/span>as something other than the body\u2014indeed, other than body\u2014and to his being directly acquainted with this existence and aware of it. If he is oblivious to this, he would require educative prodding.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Id.<\/em> I.1 (Marmura p. 387)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Le raisonnement hypoth\u00e9tique envisage une situation reconnue comme possible dans le monde tel qu&rsquo;il est, et produit des conclusions exploitables dans ce monde. Ce raisonnement conclut <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">sur la base du vrai et du faux<\/span>.<br \/>\n\u00c0 la diff\u00e9rence du jugement hypoth\u00e9tique, l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e repose sur la construction narrative d&rsquo;une situation qu&rsquo;il est <strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">impossible de r\u00e9aliser<\/span>,<\/strong> dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tat actuel de ce que nous appelons \u201cmonde, r\u00e9alit\u00e9\u201d, de nos capacit\u00e9s technologiques et de nos principes \u00e9thiques. Dans ce monde fictionnel, les lois de la physique et de la physiologie sont suspendues.<br \/>\nEn d&rsquo;autres termes, les pr\u00e9misses de ce raisonnement ne sont ni vraies, ni probables, ni plausibles, mais <strong>impossibles<\/strong>, \u201c<strong>in-vraisemblables<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 cela, il serait possible d&rsquo;en tirer des cons\u00e9quences vraies sur le monde et les humains, en d\u00e9veloppant la fiction pour en tirer des conclusions cat\u00e9goriques qu&rsquo;elle affirme vraies dans le monde r\u00e9el et pertinentes pour une discussion en cours dans un domaine sp\u00e9culatif, ici la philosophie morale. Les exp\u00e9riences de pens\u00e9e,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">suggest that we can learn about the real world by virtue of merely thinking about imagined scenarios\u00a0(SEP, <em>Thought experiment<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;expression exp\u00e9rience <em>de pens\u00e9e, <\/em>ou<em> par la pens\u00e9e<\/em>, ou par l&rsquo;imagination, (Wikipedia, <em>Exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e<\/em>) est <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">quelque peu oxymorique<\/span>. L&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience est d\u00e9finie comme une \u00ab\u00a0connaissance acquise par interaction avec l&rsquo;environnement\u00a0\u00bb (Wikipedia <em>Exp\u00e9rience<\/em>, 30-09-21). Par substitution de la d\u00e9finition au d\u00e9fini, une <em>exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e<\/em>, <em>par la pens\u00e9e<\/em> ou <em>par l&rsquo;imagination,<\/em> est une connaissance acquise par interaction avec un environnement qu&rsquo;il est, par d\u00e9finition impossible de construire dans le monde r\u00e9el et avec lequel il est impossible <em>d&rsquo;interagir<\/em>. L&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de\/par la pens\u00e9e a tous les charmes de l&rsquo;\u00e9nigme de bureau.<\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\">2. Autres exemples<\/span><\/h1>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 12pt;\">Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) <em>On the speed of falling objects<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Dans le <em>Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (Dialogue sur les deux grands syst\u00e8mes du monde)<\/em><em>, <\/em>Galil\u00e9e r\u00e9fute la th\u00e9orie aristot\u00e9licienne de la chute des corps, selon laquelle <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong>les corps lourds tombent plus rapidement que les corps l\u00e9gers<\/strong><\/span>. Salviati est le porte-parole de Galil\u00e9e, et Simplicio celui d&rsquo;Aristote.<br \/>\nLe passage suivant est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e (SEP, <em>Thought Experiment<\/em>), mais rien ne fait obstacle \u00e0 sa r\u00e9alisation physique, et c&rsquo;est d&rsquo;ailleurs ce que fait Galil\u00e9e lui-m\u00eame. Rien n&#8217;emp\u00eache donc d&rsquo;y voir non pas une exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e, mais un <em>compte-rendu<\/em> ou un <em>projet <\/em>d&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience, exposant le raisonnement qui sous-tend le montage exp\u00e9rimental et les math\u00e9matiques qui permettent d&rsquo;anticiper de fa\u00e7on certaine sur son r\u00e9sultat.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Salviati<\/em>\u2014\u00a0But, even without further experiment<strong>, it is possible to prove clearly, by means of a short and conclusive argument, that a<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"> heavier body does not move more rapidly than a lighter one provided both bodies are of the same material and in short such as those mentioned by Aristotle.<\/span> <\/strong>But tell me, Simplicio, whether you admit that each falling body acquires a definite [63] speed fixed by nature, a velocity which cannot be increased or diminished except by the use of force [<em>violenza<\/em>] or resistance.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">[\u2026]<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Salv.<\/em> \u2014\u00a0If then we take <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong>two bodies whose <u>natural speeds<\/u> are different<\/strong>,<\/span> it is clear that <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">on uniting the two, the more rapid one will be partly retarded by the slower, and the slower will be somewhat hastened by the swifte<\/span><\/strong>r. Do you not agree with me in this opinion?<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Simplicio<\/em> \u2014\u00a0You are unquestionably right.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Salv.<\/em> \u2014\u00a0But if this is true, and if <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">a large stone moves with a speed of, say, eight while a smaller moves with a speed of four, then when they are united, the system will move with a speed less than eight; but the two stones when tied together make a stone larger than that which before moved with a speed of eight.<\/span> Hence the heavier body moves with less speed than the lighter; an effect which is contrary to your supposition. Thus you see[108] how, from your assumption that the heavier body moves more rapidly than the lighter one, I infer that the heavier body moves more slowly.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Galileo Galilei, <em>Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences<\/em>, 1638.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><em>\u2014 Voir analyse \u00a74<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 12pt;\">Mencius, 4th Century BC, <em>The Small Child and the Welld&rsquo;.<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Why do I say that all people possess within them a moral sense that cannot bear the suffering of others? <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong>Well, imagine now a person who, all of a sudden, sees a small child on the verge of falling down into a well. Any such person would experience a sudden sense of fright and dismay.<\/strong><\/span> This feeling would not be something he summoned up in order to establish good relations with the child\u2019s parents. He would not purposefully feel this way in order to win the praise of their friends and neighbors. Nor would he feel this way because the screams of the child would be unpleasant.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">By imagining this situation we can see that one who lacked a sense of dismayed commiseration in such a case simply could not be a person. Moreover, anyone who lacks the sense of shame cannot be a person; anyone who lacks a sense of deference cannot not be a person; anyone who lacks a sense of right and wrong cannot not be a person.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>The sense of <u>commiseration<\/u> is the seed of <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">humanity<\/span>,<\/strong> the sense of <u>shame<\/u> is the seed of <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">righteousness<\/span><em>, <\/em>the sense of <u>deference<\/u> is the seed of <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">ritual<\/span>, and the sense of <u>right and wrong<\/u> is the seed of <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">wisdom<\/span>. Everyone possesses these four moral senses just as they possess their four limbs. To possess such seeds and yet claim to be unable to call them forth is to rob oneself; and for a person to claim that his ruler is incapable of such moral feelings is to rob his ruler.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Mencius<\/em><strong><sub>eno<\/sub><\/strong>. 2003, Bk 2 Part A, 6. <\/span><a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">[3] <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u2014 <\/span><em>Voir analyse \u00a7 4<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 12pt;\">Chateaubriand (1768-1848), <em>Tuer un homme \u00e0 la Chine<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u00d4 conscience\u00a0! Ne serais-tu qu&rsquo;un fant\u00f4me de l&rsquo;imagination, ou la peur des ch\u00e2timents des hommes\u00a0? Je m&rsquo;interroge\u00a0; je me fais cette question\u00a0:<strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"> \u201c<em>Si tu pouvais, par un seul d\u00e9sir, tuer un homme \u00e0 la Chine et h\u00e9riter de sa fortune en Europe, avec la conviction surnaturelle qu&rsquo;on n&rsquo;en saurait jamais rien, consentirais-tu \u00e0 former ce d\u00e9sir\u00a0?<\/em>\u201d<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">J&rsquo;ai beau m&rsquo;exag\u00e9rer mon indigence; j&rsquo;ai beau vouloir att\u00e9nuer cet homicide en supposant que, par mon souhait, le Chinois meurt tout \u00e0 coup sans douleur, qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;a point d&rsquo;h\u00e9ritier, que m\u00eame \u00e0 sa mort ses biens seront perdus pour l&rsquo;\u00c9tat\u00a0; j&rsquo;ai beau me figurer cet \u00e9tranger comme accabl\u00e9 de maladies et de chagrins\u00a0; j&rsquo;ai beau me dire que la mort est un bien pour lui, qu&rsquo;il l&rsquo;appelle lui-m\u00eame, qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;a plus qu&rsquo;un instant \u00e0 vivre; malgr\u00e9 mes vains subterfuges, j&rsquo;entends au fond de mon c\u0153ur une voix qui crie si fortement contre la seule pens\u00e9e d&rsquo;une telle supposition, que je ne puis douter un instant de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de la conscience.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Chateaubriand, <em>G\u00e9nie du Christianisme<\/em>, 1802. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1e Part., L. 6, Chap. 2 <\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Du remords et de la conscience.<\/span><\/em> <a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">[4]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\">3. L&rsquo;argumentation dans l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Norton (1996), r\u00e9fute l&rsquo;id\u00e9e que de telles exp\u00e9riences \u201cdraw from some special source of knowledge of the world that transcend our ordinary epistemic resources\u201d (p. 333-334). Il consid\u00e8re que les EP mobilisent \u201cour standard epistemic resources: ordinary experiences and the inferences we draw from them\u201d (id., 334). La discussion porte sur le statut \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique des exp\u00e9riences de pens\u00e9e,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">One viewpoint is my own view that thought experiment are merely picturesque arguments, and in no way remarkable epistemologically. [\u2026] The other will be the view of Jim Brown [1991<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> that certain thought experiments affords us a glimpse into a Platonic world populated by the law of nature themselves. According to my view it is essential that all thought experiment can be reconstructed as argument (id.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>La reconstruction des EP dans le cadre d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique de l&rsquo;argumentation au sens de Norton n&rsquo;est pas de notre ressort.<br \/>\nNous nous bornerons \u00e0 esquisser une analyse argumentative des quatre exp\u00e9riences de pens\u00e9e propos\u00e9es \u00e0 partir des textes, originaux ou traduits, o\u00f9 elles sont expos\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>On peut distinguer trois types d&rsquo;EP selon qu&rsquo;elles se d\u00e9veloppent\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u2014\u00a0\u00e0 partir d&rsquo;une <em><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">situation contrefactuelle<\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">, possible, en fait fausse<\/span>, mais qui aurait pu se r\u00e9aliser dans le pass\u00e9 (voir le roman de CK Dick, <em>The man in the high castle.<\/em>)<br \/>\n\u2014\u00a0\u00e0 partir d&rsquo;une <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><em>situation imaginaire th\u00e9oriquement possible<\/em>, <\/span>mais dont les conditions d&rsquo;observation ne sont jamais r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans le monde actuel (Mencius)<br \/>\n\u2014\u00a0\u00e0 partir <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">d&rsquo;une <em>situation imaginaire<\/em> <\/span>que toute notre exp\u00e9rience et nos savoirs sur le monde existant portent \u00e0 d\u00e9clarer <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><em>impossible<\/em><\/span>, pour en tirer n\u00e9anmoins des conclusions sur le monde existant (Ibn Sina).<\/p>\n<p>Il est possible d&rsquo;envisager une situation exp\u00e9rimentale possible sur laquelle on peut raisonner de fa\u00e7on concluante, en attendant la confirmation exp\u00e9rimentale. C&rsquo;est, si l&rsquo;on veut, une exp\u00e9rience \u201cpar la pens\u00e9e\u201d (Galil\u00e9e), mais la diff\u00e9rence est cruciale en relation avec l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">4. Sch\u00e9matisation des processus argumentatifs dans les exemples (2), Galil\u00e9e et (3), Mencius<br \/>\n<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;EP suppose un m\u00e9canisme de d\u00e9rivation de la conclusion \u00e0 partir de la situation hypoth\u00e9tique, possible ou impossible.<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"> Ces processus de d\u00e9rivation peuvent mettre en jeu n&rsquo;importe quel m\u00e9canisme argumentatif.<\/span><br \/>\n\u00c0 titre d&rsquo;illustration, nous prendrons l&rsquo;EP de Galil\u00e9e \u00e0 propos de la chute des corps, et celle de Mencius, sur l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un sens moral.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 12pt;\">(Ex. 2) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) <em>On the speed of falling objects<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;exemple (2), Galil\u00e9e traite un probl\u00e8me de physique par un raisonnement par l&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/absurde\/\">absurde<\/a> (lire en Annexe, le texte plus complet). Il s&rsquo;oppose \u00e0 la th\u00e8se aristot\u00e9licienne selon laquelle les corps lourds tombent plus vite que les corps l\u00e9gers, autrement dit :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Assumption for <em>reductio<\/em> proof : The speed of fall of bodies in a given medium is proportionate to their weight (Norton 1996, p. 341-342) [6]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Galil\u00e9e a le g\u00e9nie de se demander ce qui se passe lorsque deux pierres, l&rsquo;une lourde et l&rsquo;autre l\u00e9g\u00e8re sont <em>tied together,<\/em> attach\u00e9es l&rsquo;une \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre. Cette croyance entra\u00eene deux conclusions contradictoires (<em>id.<\/em>),<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u2014 La pierre l\u00e9g\u00e8re ralentit la vitesse de la pierre lourde et la pierre lourde acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la vitesse de la pierre l\u00e9g\u00e8re. Donc les deux pierres attach\u00e9es l&rsquo;une \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre tombent \u00e0 une vitesse<em> inf\u00e9rieure<\/em> \u00e0 la vitesse de la pierre lourde seule.\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u2014\u00a0La pierre l\u00e9g\u00e8re attach\u00e9e \u00e0 la pierre lourde forme un corps <em>plus lourd<\/em> que la pierre la plus lourde. Donc les deux pierres attach\u00e9es l&rsquo;une \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre ont une vitesse <em>sup\u00e9rieure<\/em> \u00e0 la vitesse de la pierre lourde seule (d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s Norton, 1996, 341-342).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>On a donc affaire \u00e0 <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">une argumentation par l&rsquo;absurde, concluante<\/span>, qui permet \u00e0 Galil\u00e9e de rejeter la th\u00e8se d&rsquo;Aristote, et d&rsquo;affirmer sa propre th\u00e8se, tous les corps tombent \u00e0 la m\u00eame vitesse <a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> dans le vide.<br \/>\nL&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e est ici <em>la pens\u00e9e d&rsquo;une exp\u00e9rience possible<\/em>, que rien n&#8217;emp\u00eache de r\u00e9aliser \u2014\u00a0sauf la difficult\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er un milieu o\u00f9 r\u00e8gne le vide parfait.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 12pt;\">(Ex. 3) Mencius, 4th Century BC, <em>The Small Child and the Well<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pour d\u00e9crire l&rsquo;argumentation d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans le texte de Mencius (exemple 2.2), nous utiliserons une m\u00e9thode d\u00e9riv\u00e9e de celle qu&rsquo;utilise Grize pour les op\u00e9rations argumentatives construisant les <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/objet-de-discours\/\"><em>objets de discours<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><em><u>3.2.1 L&rsquo;argumentation positive<\/u><\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Annonce et situation<br \/>\n<\/strong>Mencius annonce sa th\u00e8se sur l&rsquo;universalit\u00e9 du \u201cmoral sense\u201d et d\u00e9veloppe ensuite une situation, sur laquelle se fonde l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e<strong>.<br \/>\n<\/strong>Cette situation\u00a0 d\u00e9crit sch\u00e9matiquement un fait sans doute rare, mais possible :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Imagine now a person who, all of a sudden, sees a small child on the verge of falling down into a well.<\/span> <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cette situation d\u00e9crit une sc\u00e8ne et rapporte une perception, sans la lier \u00e0 aucune action. Le destinataire peut se projeter dans cette situation. Les psychologues exp\u00e9rimentaux pourraient certainement imaginer une exp\u00e9rience, portant non pas sur un individu particulier ni sur l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9 enti\u00e8re, qui prendrait pour base non pas les r\u00e9actions \u00e0 une situation r\u00e9elle, mais \u00e0 une situation repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Mencius d\u00e9rive de sa supposition une th\u00e8se qu&rsquo;il d\u00e9veloppe en deux \u00e9tapes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1) Point de d\u00e9part, argument <\/strong>: attribution d&rsquo;un \u00e9tat mental accompagnant\u00a0 n\u00e9cessairement la perception de la sc\u00e8ne primitive :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>Any such person would experience <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">a sudden sense of fright and dismay<\/span><\/strong>.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Cette d\u00e9rivation est fond\u00e9e sur une intuition, un sentiment d&rsquo;\u00e9vidence ou de r\u00e9v\u00e9lation int\u00e9rieure, accessible par introspection, \u201c<em>I would experience\u2026<\/em>\u201d.<br \/>\nMencius ne dit pas que l&rsquo;enfant est sauvable, ni que la personne \u00e9mue \u201cse pr\u00e9cipiterait pour sauver l&rsquo;enfant\u201d. L&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation est compatible avec \u201cse sauverait effray\u00e9 \/ par peur d&rsquo;\u00eatre pris dans une sale affaire\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2) D\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;argument\u00a0 : Op\u00e9rations argumentatives de s<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">p\u00e9cification, re-cat\u00e9gorisation, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dans ce passage, le moteur argumentatif \u2014 le moteur du passage de l&rsquo;argument, la situation, \u00e0 la conclusion sur l&rsquo;existence de quatre sens moraux \u2014 n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;inf\u00e9rence mais des op\u00e9rations de transformation: <em>reprise<\/em>, <em>reformulation, sp\u00e9cification et re-cat\u00e9gorisation<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>En suivant le d\u00e9veloppement textuel de l&rsquo;argument \u00e0 la conclusion :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Argument<em> \u2014&gt;<\/em><\/strong><\/span><em>\u00a0 [an experience] <\/em><strong>sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9e comme <\/strong><em>a sudden sense of fright and dismay<br \/>\n&gt; <\/em><strong>reprise par<\/strong><em> a feeling, (to) feel<br \/>\n<\/em><strong>&gt; re-formul\u00e9e comme <\/strong><em>a sense of dismayed commiseration\u00a0<\/em><strong><br \/>\n&gt; recat\u00e9goris\u00e9e et g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>comme un des quatre <\/strong>\u201c<em>moral senses\u201d <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&lt;<\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u2014 Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>La derni\u00e8re \u00e9tape introduite par \u201c<em>moreover<\/em>\u201d affirme l&rsquo;existence de quatre sentiments moraux d\u00e9finissant l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain : la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation est port\u00e9e par une analogie :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>humanity, righteousness, ritual, right and wrong<\/em>.<br \/>\n<em>Everyone possesses these four moral senses just as they possess their four limbs<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La d\u00e9rivation de la th\u00e8se des quatre sentiments moraux \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;un sentiment de \u00ab\u00a0fright and dismay\u201d s&rsquo;accompagne de deux g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisations portant sur <em>la personne<\/em> objet de ce sentiment moral, et sur l&rsquo;autre sur l<em>a situation. <\/em>On passe d&rsquo;un<em> risque individuel de souffrance <\/em>\u00e0<em> la souffrance de tous<\/em><\/p>\n<table width=\"425\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><em>a small child<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"132\"><strong>&gt; g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation &gt;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><em>others<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"189\"><em>on the verge of falling down into a well <\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"132\"><strong>&gt; g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation &gt;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><em>sufferings<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>3) Cette conclusion est test\u00e9e et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par application du <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">topos des contraires<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>all people possess within them a moral sense that cannot bear the suffering of others<br \/>\none who lacked a sense of dismayed commiseration in such a case simply could not be a person.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u2014 {Humans] would experience <em>a sudden sense of fright and dismay, <\/em>soit \u201c<strong>H<\/strong><em><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"> would experience<\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong> F<\/strong><\/span><em><strong>\u201d<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em>\u2014 par application du topos des contraires :\u201c <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong>non-F would be non-H\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">one who lacked a sense of dismayed commiseration in such a case simply could not be a person.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><em><u>3.2.2 Objections et r\u00e9futation<\/u><\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La nature argumentative du texte est\u00a0 attest\u00e9e par <a href=\"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/prolepse\/\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">la mention d&rsquo;objections possibles<\/span><\/a> de nature utilitariste :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u2014\u00a0something he summoned up in order to establish good relations with the child\u2019s parents.<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u2014\u00a0purposefully feel this way in order to win the praise of their friends and neighbors<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u2014 because the screams of the child would be unpleasant.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ces objections sont rejet\u00e9es, non pas discut\u00e9es et r\u00e9fut\u00e9es. Elles sont exploit\u00e9es par une argumentation implicite <em>ad ignorantiam<\/em> &#8211; cas par cas : on ne peut pas imaginer d&rsquo;autres ressorts \u00e0 l&rsquo;action secourable.<\/p>\n<p>On peut opposer \u00e0 la conclusion de Mencius la th\u00e8se de Xunzi (3e si\u00e8cle av. JC) selon laquelle \u201cHuman nature is bad\u201d :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Human nature is bad. Their goodness is a matter of deliberate effort. [\u2026] They are born with feelings of hate and dislike with them. (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Xunzi, Chap 25, <em>Human Nature is bad,<\/em> p. 248. <a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9])<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>L&rsquo;EP part d&rsquo;une situation contrefactuelle ou fictive et lui applique un m\u00e9canisme de d\u00e9rivation afin d&rsquo;en tirer une conclusion pertinente dans le cadre d&rsquo;une certaine question que nous nous posons sur le monde.<br \/>\n<span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">La structure de l&rsquo;EP est celle de l&rsquo;argumentation hypoth\u00e9tique. Sa sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 tient \u00e0 la situation envisag\u00e9e qui est aux limites, voire au del\u00e0 du possible. Une fois pos\u00e9e cette hypoth\u00e8se, l&rsquo;argumentation se d\u00e9roule selon les m\u00e9canismes argumentatifs g\u00e9n\u00e9raux.<br \/>\n<\/span>L&rsquo;EP met en jeu les m\u00e9canismes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de l&rsquo;argumentation ; en cela, elle ne constitue pas un nouveau \u201ctype d&rsquo;argument\u201d.<br \/>\nCette conclusion est banale, si on la rapporte au fait connu de tous, que l&rsquo;argumentation peut \u00eatre extr\u00eamement pressante et bien construite dans un discours par ailleurs d\u00e9lirant.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">[1]<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"> Avicenna\u2019s <em>al-Nafs<\/em> [<em>On Psychology<\/em>)] , which is a section of his <em>al-Shifa<\/em> (<em>On Healing<\/em>). Translations are from Michael Marmura, 1986, \u201cAvicenna\u2019s \u2018Flying Man\u2019 in Context\u201d <em>The Monist<\/em> 69, p. 387. Quoted from David Sanson, \u201cSelection from the floating man\u201d. https:\/\/www.davidsanson.com\/texts\/avicenna-floating-man.html<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <em>Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences by Galileo Galilei.<\/em> Translated from the Italian and Latin into English by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio. With an Introduction by Antonio Favaro. New York: Macmillan, 1914. [<em>Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze attenenti alla meccanica e i movimenti locali.<\/em> Leiden, Elzevier 1638. Quoted after https:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/title\/galilei-dialogues-concerning-two-new-sciences#Galileo_0416_238<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> <em>Mencius<\/em>. [2003]. Translated with an Introduction and Notes by D. C. Lau. Penguin Classics. (First published 1970). <em>Mencius<\/em> is the romanized name of the Chinese philosopher M\u00e8ng K\u0113 or Mengzi, et le titre de l&rsquo;ouvrage rassemblant ses propos.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Pour bien marquer que l&rsquo;analyse ne porte pas sur le <em>texte chinois<\/em> de Mencius mais <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>uniquement sur<\/strong><\/span> la <em>traduction anglaise de ce texte<\/em> par Robert Eno, nous utiliserons syst\u00e9matiquement la notation Mencius<sub>eno<\/sub>. On peut comparer avec la traduction anglaise Mencius<sub>Lau<\/sub> ou la traduction fran\u00e7aise Mencius<sub>couvreur<\/sub>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Ren\u00e9 de Chateaubriand,\u00a0 <em>G\u00e9nie du Christianisme<\/em>, 1802. 1e Part., L. 6, Chap. 2\u00a0<em>Du remords et de la conscience. <\/em>Cit\u00e9 d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e9d. Tours, Mame, 1877, p. 87. S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">ur l&rsquo;origine litt\u00e9raire du \u201cparadoxe du mandarin\u201d et sur son immense fortune, voir Michel Delon, \u00ab De Diderot a\u0300 Balzac, le paradoxe du mandarin \u00bb, <em>Revue italienne d\u2019e\u0301tudes franc\u0327aises <\/em>[En ligne], 3 | 2013, mis en ligne le 15 de\u0301cembre 2013, consulte\u0301 le 02 mai 2019. URL : http:\/\/ journals.openedition.org\/rief\/248 ; DOI : 10.4000\/rief.248<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Jim R. Brown, The laboratory of the mind: Thought experiments in the Natural Science. London, New York: Routledge 1991)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Norton, John D.\u00a01996, Are Thought Experiments Just What You Thought? <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em>, 26: 333\u2013366.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Norton, John D.\u00a01996, Are Thought Experiments Just What You Thought? <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em>, 26, p. 333\u2013366.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Pour une discussion int\u00e9grant le milieu dans lequel tombent les pierres, voir Norton, 1996.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <em>Xunzi &#8211; The complete text.<\/em> Translated and with an introduction by Eric L Hutton. Princeton, Princeton UP, 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Chateaubriand,\u00a0 <em>G\u00e9nie du Christianisme<\/em>, 1802. 1e Part., L. 6, Chap. 2\u00a0<em>Du remords et de la conscience. <\/em>Cit\u00e9 d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e9d. Tours, Mame, 1877, p. 87. Sur l&rsquo;origine litt\u00e9raire du \u201cparadoxe du mandarin\u201d et sur son immense fortune, voir Michel Delon, \u00ab De Diderot a\u0300 Balzac, le paradoxe du mandarin \u00bb, <em>Revue italienne d\u2019e\u0301tudes franc\u0327aises <\/em>[En ligne], 3 | 2013, mis en ligne le 15 de\u0301cembre 2013, consulte\u0301 le 02 mai 2019. URL : http:\/\/ journals.openedition.org\/rief\/248 ; DOI : 10.4000\/rief.248<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EXP\u00c9RIENCE DE PENS\u00c9E 1. Exp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e L&rsquo;expression \u201cexp\u00e9rience de pens\u00e9e\u201d (EP) apparue au 18e si\u00e8cle, a \u00e9t\u00e9 popularis\u00e9e par Ernst Mach (Gedanken Experiment) au 20e si\u00e8cle (SEP, Thought experiment), Cette forme de raisonnement a \u00e9t\u00e9 pratiqu\u00e9e depuis l&rsquo;antiquit\u00e9 aussi bien en Orient qu&rsquo;en Occident. (Ex. 1) L&rsquo;exemple qui suit est emprunt\u00e9 \u00e0 Ibn Sina [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7192","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7192"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12231,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7192\/revisions\/12231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7192"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}