{"id":9905,"date":"2024-03-19T16:08:25","date_gmt":"2024-03-19T15:08:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/?p=9905"},"modified":"2025-11-20T17:05:11","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T16:05:11","slug":"science-of-the-concrete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/science-of-the-concrete\/","title":{"rendered":"ATC Argument of the Name"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\n

ATC<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/td>\n

\n

L\u00c9VI-STRAUSS, <\/span>\u00ab\u00a0THE SCIENCE OF THE CONCRETE<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0<\/span>
\nFOUR UNIVERSAL BASIC ARGUMENTATIVE OPERATIONS<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

These five basic universal argumentative operations ar<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

1) Categorization<\/a>
\n<\/em>2) Nomination<\/em><\/a>
\n3) Definition<\/em><\/a>
\n3) Classification<\/em><\/a>
\n4) Syllogism<\/em> <\/a>and Set Theory<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

Proper names<\/span><\/strong><\/a> have their own specifc argumentative resources. The following description applies to common names<\/strong><\/em>; the best designation here would be \u201cfull words.<\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n

By naming<\/span><\/a><\/strong> concrete or abstract beings, we attach them to the corresponding category<\/span><\/strong><\/a> corresponding to this definition, to the name of this category, and to\u00a0\u00a0definition(s)<\/a><\/strong> of that\u00a0 name and that category.
\nThe category associated with the definition of a name groups beings on the basis of the specific characteristics of their member, and\/or their similarities with the other members of the category, and-or their resemblance to an exemplary member of this category.<\/p>\n

An Aristotelian classification<\/span><\/strong><\/a> consists in a combination of more or less general categories (genre) and sub-categories (species), typically under the format of a \u00ab\u00a0Porphyrian tree\u201d.
\nJorge Luis Borges famous Chinese classification<\/strong> is fictional..<\/p>\n

Syllogistic reasoning<\/span><\/strong><\/a> (\u201cset theory\u201d reasoning) is the most powerful argument scheme exploiting the cognitive resources of a well-done classification.<\/p>\n

All A<\/strong>, all B<\/strong>, all C<\/strong> are M<\/strong>
\n=> some M<\/strong> are A<\/strong>, some are a B<\/strong>, some are C<\/strong><\/p>\n

A syllogism is \u00a0evaluated<\/a><\/strong><\/span> as valid or invalid (\u201cparalogism\u201d) through a specific set of rules (\u201crules of syllogism\u201d, or, preferably through the Venn diagram<\/strong>\u00a0method.<\/p>\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n

The classification method<\/em><\/strong> that is, naming – defining -systematically categorizing<\/em> things, is considered by Claude Levi-Strauss as \u00a0\u00ab\u00a0the science of the concrete,<\/span>\u00a0\u00bb [\u2018la science du concret\u201d]<\/span><\/strong> as \u00ab\u00a0the\u201d f<\/strong>undamental science shared by all human beings (1962], ch. 1).<\/p>\n

Following Levi-Strauss, we argue that naming – defining – categorizing – classifying<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span> a being is the fundamental, universal, most discreet productive and efficient, set of argumentative operations.
\nExamples can be found in the quoted entries, as well as in the pair a pari<\/em><\/strong><\/a> argument \/ argument from the opposite<\/strong><\/a> term.<\/p>\n

(*) Not to be confused with the use of the same expression in computing.<\/p>\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n

The argument of the name necessarily functions in\u00a0 the Chinese language as in all languages having \u00ab\u00a0full words\u00a0\u00bb, that is a lexicon where speakers find the necessary resources to categorize and designate concrete or abstract beings, events, circumstances, etc.
\nThus, the argument of the name must be considered as a linguistic-cognitive universal<\/strong><\/span>, and an expression of \u00ab\u00a0subjectivity in language\u201d in action (Benveniste, (1963), p. 259-250).<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Benveniste, 1963 \/ [1958], De la subjectivit\u00e9 dans le langage<\/em>. In Probl\u00e8mes de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/em>. Paris, Gallimard. p. 258-266<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ATC L\u00c9VI-STRAUSS, \u00ab\u00a0THE SCIENCE OF THE CONCRETE\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0 FOUR UNIVERSAL BASIC ARGUMENTATIVE OPERATIONS These five basic universal argumentative operations ar 1) Categorization 2) Nomination 3) Definition 3) Classification 4) Syllogism and Set Theory Proper names have their own specifc argumentative resources. The following description applies to common names; the best designation here would be \u201cfull words.\u201d […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-atc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9905","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9905"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9905\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15330,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9905\/revisions\/15330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9905"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icar.cnrs.fr\/dicoplantin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}