Arguments in Translated Chinese Classical Text
ATC
PRELIMINAIRY NOTES
Motivation
Is there an alternative to Toulmin?
China as a last resort
Goal
A collection of argumentative passages with brief commentaries
Method
The translation issue
One passage, several translations
An example: two translations of the same analogy
Background information
Names of authors quoted
Dates – Période
Conventions
References
ARGUMENT: CONCEPT/S and ROOT METAPHORS
Graham (1989) :A new root metaphor for argumentation
Graham (1989): Practical logic without logical theory
Syllogisms without predicate logic
Arguing without argumentation theory: An alternative method of exposition
Recourse to paradigmatic cases
RHÉTORIQUE DU CONSEIL
♦ “Rhetoric to the single-person audience”
Hui Wu, Preface to Guiguzi (2016)
Le conseiller cherche un souverain
HAN FEI TSE (- -)
♦ «Difficulties in the way of persuasion»
Le souverain cherche un conseiller
♦ «Le ciel lui désignait ainsi les noms de ceux qu’il devait prendre pour conseillers»
DIALECTIQUE, DIALECTICIENS
Rules
Many questions — Dialectical rule
Explicitness contextual /implicitness
MENCIUS (-380 -300)
“Do you think Yan ought to be attacked ?”
MenciusENO 2016
L’épreuve dialectique, un jeu gagnant – gagnant
TSOU YEN (-305 -240)
♦ “The winner does not fail to make his point, and the loser finds what he is seeking” (Tsou YenGRAHAM 1978, p. 20-21)
The dialectical trap / Le piège dialectique
MENCIUS (-380 -300)
♦ “Suppose a subject of Your Majesty entrusted his wife and children to a friend and traveled south to Chu”
(MenciusEno)
Le dialecticien comme type humain
TENG HSI (~-545 -501)
♦ Common people, true Sages, great Dialecticians, small Dialecticians and Ideal man.
(Teng HsiFORKE)
White horse and horses : Kung sung long
A dialectician crossing the frontier on a white horse
Huan T’an (43 BCE. – 28 CE.)
Kung-sun Lung often argued that “a white horse is not a horse
Huan T’anPokora
CRITICISM OF ARGUMENT
MENCIUS (-380 -300)
♦ “What they dislike about intelligence… What one dislike in the clever…”
(MenciusENO 2016)
TCHUANG TZI (~–369 ~-286)
♦ “If you prevail over me and I do not prevail over you,does that mean that what you say is so and what I say is not?”
ZhuangziENO 2010
NECESSITY OF CONTROVERSY
MENCIUS (-380 -300)
♦ How could it be that I am fond of disputation?
(MenciusEno)
RÈGLES DU DÉBAT
TSOU YEN (-305 -240)
♦ The winner does not fail to make his point and the loser finds what he is seeking. (Tsou YenGRAHAM1978)
LES CADRES DE L’ARGUMENTATION
DENG XI (~-545 -501CK)
♦ “With the stupid, the speech must be based on demonstration”
(Deng XiFORKE 1901)
XUNZI (~-310 ~-238)
♦ “Do not answer one who asks about something improper”
(XunziHutton)
SCHÈMES ARGUMENTATIFS
♦ Schèmes argumentatifs — Moyens de persuasion
♦ Empirical Universals
SYLLOGISM
NOTE: A family of Western / Aristotelian Argument shemes
Arguments on the name : Naming / Categorizing – Defining – Grouping (Classifying) – Syllogizing
Syllogisme catégorique
WANG CH’UNG (~-27 ~–97)
♦ “Man is a thing […]. No thing does not die”
WANG CH’UNG GRAHAM
Syllogisme à sujet concret
LIU XIANG (-77 +6)
♦ ”When [the King] issues an order to summon someone from the palace, it must be accompanied with a tally”
Liu XiangBENHKE KINNEY 2014
Rectification of Names
CONFUCIUS (-551,-479)
♦ ”A gourd that is not a gourd – is it a gourd?”
AnalectsENO2015
CONTRADICTION
CONFUCIUS (-551,-479)
“Zizhang asked about […] discerning confusion”
AnalectsENO2015
CONFUCIUS (-551,-479)
“There is nothing in my words that fails to please him”
AnalectsENO2015
TCHUANG TZE (–369,-286)
“they [the Confucians] condemned them, but in practice they bowed before them
ZhuangziENO 2010
AD HOMINEM
MENCIUS (-380 -300)
“ ‘A true worthy tills the soil beside his people, cooking his own meals as he orders the state.’ ”
MenciusENO 2016
ANALOGY
MOZI (~ -476, -390)
“The wise man who has charge of governing the empire … a physician who is attending a patient …””
LÜ BUWEI (-291,–235)
“A dog bears some resemblance to an ape, an ape to a monkey,…”
“SORITE CHINOIS”
CONFUCIUS (-551,-479)
« Si les noms ne conviennent pas aux choses, il y a confusion dans le langage S’il y a confusion dans le langage, les choses ne s’exécutent pas. Si les choses ne s’exécutent pas…”
AnalectsENO2015
Note: Sorite et polysyllogisme
ARGUMENT PRAGMATIQUE
« Le profit ne tombe pas du ciel »
VARIÉTÉ DES FORMES ARGUMENTATIVES
L’ARGUMENT MÉPRISÉ
LÜ BUWEI:
Gongsun Long, le cheval blanc et le garde frontière
PA KIN, Famille :
Rire de Talent Prometteur
EFFET DE COMPOSITION
LÜ BUWEI,
“I am definitely able to cure paralysis”
“Eaten separately, scorpions or aconite are lethal …”
ARGUMENTS PAR LES CONTRAIRES
HAN FEI TZE (~-281, -233)
“À mère aimée, fils chéri”
“Punishment of error does not avoid the great ministers”
LU HSIEH (6th C)
“Crime: when in doubt, then deem it light”
WANG CHONG (27-97),
“Construire une aile à l’ouest porte malheur”
HUAN T’AN (ca. -43, 28),
“If Heaven produces drugs that kill man…”
ARGUMENTS EXPLOITANT L’HOMONYMIE OU LA PARONYMIE
CONFUCIUS, ”The benevolent man is loath to speak”
MENCIUS
“Then the nature of a hound would be the same as the nature of an ox?
MenciusENO 2016
EXPÉRIENCE DE PENSÉE – THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
MENCIUS (-380 -300)
“…a small child on the verge of falling down into a well…”
MenciusENO 2016
DILEMME MORAL
MENCIUS (-380 -300)
“What is more important, sex or ritual?
MenciusENO 2016
FABLES
MENCIUS (-380 -300)
There was a man of Qi …
MenciusENO 2016
TCHUANG TZI (~–369 ~-286)
Three in the morning
ZhuangziENO 2010
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Auteurs, événements, personnages cités