Mencius, “If he had asked me, ‘Who should attack Yan?’”
2B.8 Shen Tong asked Mencius in private confidence, “Do you think Yan ought to be attacked?”
Mencius said, “Yes. Zikuai had no authority to give Yan away, and Zizhi had no authority to receive it from Zikuai. Let’s say there was a gentleman here whom you liked; what if you, without consulting the King, privately granted to him your court rank and salary, and he accepted them without any commission from the King? What difference is there in the case of Yan?”
The armies of Qi attacked Yan, and someone said to Mencius, “Is it true that you urged Qi to attack Yan?”
“Never!” said Mencius. “Shen Tong asked whether Yan ought to be attacked and I said yes, in response to his question. Then they went off and attacked Yan! If he had asked me, ‘Who should attack Yan?’ I would have replied, ‘He who acts as the agent of Tian should attack Yan.’
“Let’s say there were a murderer here, and someone asked, ‘Should this man be executed?’ I would say yes. If he asked, ‘Who should execute him?’ I would reply, ‘The Chief Judge should execute him.’
“As it is, this is simply one Yan attacking another Yan. Why would I ever urge such a thing?”
2B.8 We return here to events surrounding Qi’s invasion of Yan in 314 (see 1B.10-11). Mencius is reported in a different early text to have given his approval of the invasion of Yan by Qi, and here the Mencius seems at pains to explain that this is not so. Note how it is specified that the courtier Shen Tong visited Mencius in an unofficial capacity.
The background events in Yan are that the ruler, Zikuai, abdicated to his minister, Zizhi, prompting Zikuai’s son – the original heir to the throne – to initiate a civil war.
Deux questions
Stase sur l’acte : Question1: — Y a-t-il eu meurtre? OUI
[— le meurtrier doit être puni = exécuté]
Stase sur l’agent Question2: — Qui doit prendre en charge l’exécution?
Dictionnaire, Composition et division
L’exemple suivant est emprunté au drame de Sophocle Électre : Clytemnestre tue son mari, Agamemnon. Oreste, leur fils, tue Clytemnestre pour venger son père. Mais avait-il le droit légal et moral de tuer sa mère ?
Il est juste que celle qui a tué son mari meure, et il est juste aussi, assurément que le fils venge son père ; ces deux actions ont donc été accomplies justement ; mais peut-être que, réunies, elles cessent d’être justes. (Rhét., II, 24,1401a35-b5 ; p. 407).
Réunir les deux actions signifie qu’elles n’en font plus qu’une. Oreste soutient que cette composition est licite :
Composition : X est juste et Y est juste => X et Y sont justes
(X) “venger son père” est juste et “ (Y) exécuter la femme qui a tué son mari” est juste
Or si “venger son père” est juste, “tuer sa mère” est un crime. Pour les accusateurs d’Oreste, le fait qu’il soit le fils de Clytemnestre bloque la composition, car il n’est pas possible de composer une action vertueuse et une action criminelle. La stase dramatique se noue autour de l’argument de la composition.
Cette technique de décomposition d’une action douteuse en une suite d’actes louables, ou au moins innocents est argumentativement très productive : voler, ce n’est jamais que prendre le sac qui se trouve là, le déplacer ailleurs et négliger de le remettre à la même place. La division bloque l’évaluation globale.
Warp, Weft, and Way
Chinese and Comparative Philosophy 中國哲學與比較哲學
Take 2B/8 as an example. In Qi, Shen Tong asks Mencius whether Yan should be invaded, and he says it should. The text insists that Shen wasn’t acting in an official capacity, but of course it only does that because it’s obvious that Mencius’s answer will be passed on. Indeed, Qi invades Yan and the invasion is a brutal mess. Questioned about this, Mencius insists that he only said that Yan should be invaded, he didn’t say anything about who should do the invading. (Imagine—of course I mean remember—someone in early 2003 saying that Iraq should be invaded, and then after the fact complaining that George Bush hadn’t been the one to do it.)
2B/8 isn’t in the Mencius because of any philosophical point it makes. Even the passages where the Mencius uses the invasion of Yan to present the Mencian fantasy of a true king (whose armies are welcomed with rice and wine wherever they invade) aren’t there just to present that view (1B/11). Mencius’s involvement in the invasion of Yan left him with an image problem, and these passages are attempts to address that problem. Mencius still comes off as a coward and a liar, but I guess that’s better than leaving the criticisms unanswered.
My suggestion is that the stories about Shun’s awful family, or at least 5A/2–3, are there for the same sort of reason. There was a mythology surrounding Shun, and that mythology was not under the control of pious moralists such as the authors of the Mencius. As a consequence, elements creeped into the mythology that would make pious moralists extremely nervous—elements such as Shun’s predilection for putting up with murderers in his family