Arguments in Translated Chinese Classical Texts
Argumentation dans des traductions de textes classiques chinois
PRÉSENTATION
— Intention: Y a-t-il une alternative à Toulmin?” — Recours à la Chine
— Méthode
La question de la traduction
Deux traductions d’une analogie
— Références — Auteurs – Noms – Dates
DIFFERENCES, ORIENTATIONS
— A. C. Graham:A new root metaphor for argumentation
“Le bras de la balance”
Arguing without argumentation theory (Graham)
Syllogisms without predicate logic (Graham)
— Un méthode alternative: exposer soigneusement un cas paradigmatique (ecthèse)
CRITICISM OF ARGUMENT
— Mencius (between -380, -300),
“What they dislike about intelligence… What one dislike in the clever…”
CHUANG TZE (–369,-286)
“If you prevail over me and I do not prevail over you, does that mean that what you say is so and what I say is not?”
NECESSITY OF CONTROVERSY
— Mencius (-380, -300), How could it be that I am fond of disputation?
LES CADRES DE L’ARGUMENTATION
— Deng Xi (c. -545,-501CK): “With the stupid, the speech must be based on demonstration”
— Xunzi (?-310, ?-238) “Do not answer one who asks about something improper.”
SCHÈMES ARGUMENTATIFS
— Schèmes argumentatifs — Moyens de persuasion
— Empirical Universals
HUB: BASIC UNIVERSAL ARGUMENT SCHEMES
Arguments On:
— Definition of Words
— Categorization of Beings
— Classifications of Beings : Syllogism
— Catégorisation d’une situation « The king, hearing that the river was rising, sent an official to bring his wife away…”
— Rectification of Names
Confucius: ”A gourd that is not a gourd…”
CONTRADICTION
— CONFUCIUS (-551,-479), “Zizhang asked about […] discerning confusion”
— CONFUCIUS, “There is nothing in my words that fails to please him”
— TCHUANG TZE (–369,-286)
“they [the Confucians] condemned them, but in practice they bowed before them
ANALOGY
MOZI (c. -476, -390), “The wise man who has charge of governing the empire … a physician who is attending a patient”
LÜ BUWEI (-291,–235), “A dog bears some resemblance to an ape, an ape to a monkey,…”
SORITE
CONFUCIUS, « Si les noms ne conviennent pas aux choses, il y a confusion dans le langage S’il y a confusion dans le langage, les choses ne s’exécutent pas. Si les choses ne s’exécutent pas…”
Note: Sorite et polysyllogisme
VARIÉTÉ DES ÉPISODES ARGUMENTATIFS
L’ARGUMENT MÉPRISÉ
LÜ BUWEI: Gongsun Long, le cheval blanc et le garde frontière
PA KIN, Famille : Rire de Talent Prometteur
EFFET DE COMPOSITION
— LÜ BUWEI,
“I am definitely able to cure paralysis”
“Eaten separately, scorpions or aconite are lethal …”
ARGUMENTS PAR LES CONTRAIRES
— HAN FEI TZE (c. -281, -233)
“À mère aimée, fils chéri”
“Punishment of error does not avoid the great ministers”
— LU HSIEH (6th C), “Crime: when in doubt, then deem it light”
— WANG CHONG (27-97), “Construire une aile à l’ouest porte malheur”
— [AUTRES CAS],
Li JI, On Propriety, “You should know the weakness of the man you love…”
… etc.
ARGUMENTS EXPLOITANT L’HOMONYMIE OU LA PARONYMIE
CONFUCIUS, ”The benevolent man is loath to speak”
MENCIUS, “Then the nature of a hound would be the same as the nature of an ox?
EXPÉRIENCE DE PENSÉE – THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
Mencius: “…a small child on the verge of falling down into a well…”
DILEMME MORAL
Mencius, “What is more important, sex or ritual?
*** À RANGER ***
Huan T’an (ca. -43, 28), “If Heaven produces drugs that kill man…”
What is rhetoric?
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